Metrics

Consul on Kubernetes integrates with Prometheus and Grafana to provide metrics for Consul Service Mesh. The metrics available are:

  • Connect Service metrics
  • Sidecar proxy metrics
  • Consul agent metrics
  • Ingress, Terminating and Mesh Gateway metrics

Specific sidecar proxy metrics can also be seen in the Consul UI Topology Visualization view. This section documents how to enable each of these.

Note: Metrics will be supported in Consul-helm >= 0.31.0 and consul-k8s >= 0.25.0. However, enabling the metrics merging feature with Helm value (defaultEnableMerging) or annotation (consul.hashicorp.com/enable-metrics-merging) can only be used with Consul 1.10.0 and above. The other metrics configuration can still be used before Consul 1.10.0.

Connect Service and Sidecar Metrics with Metrics Merging

Prometheus annotations are used to instruct Prometheus to scrape metrics from Pods. Prometheus annotations only support scraping from one endpoint on a Pod, so Consul on Kubernetes supports metrics merging whereby service metrics and sidecar proxy metrics are merged into one endpoint. If there are no service metrics, it also supports just scraping the sidecar proxy metrics.

The diagram below illustrates how the metrics integration works when merging is enabled:

Metrics Merging Architecture

Connect service metrics can be configured with the Helm values nested under connectInject.metrics.

Metrics and metrics merging can be enabled by default for all connect-injected Pods with the following Helm values:

  1. connectInject:
  2.   metrics:
  3.     defaultEnabled: true # by default, this inherits from the value global.metrics.enabled
  4.     defaultEnableMerging: true

They can also be overridden on a per-Pod basis using the annotations consul.hashicorp.com/enable-metrics and consul.hashicorp.com/enable-metrics-merging.

In most cases, the default settings will be sufficient. If you are encountering issues with colliding ports or service metrics not being merged, you may need to change the defaults.

The Prometheus annotations configure the endpoint to scrape the metrics from. As shown in the diagram, the annotations point to a listener on 0.0.0.0:20200 on the Envoy sidecar. This listener and the corresponding Prometheus annotations can be configured with the following Helm values (or overridden on a per-Pod basis with Consul annotations consul.hashicorp.com/prometheus-scrape-port and consul.hashicorp.com/prometheus-scrape-path):

  1. connectInject:
  2.   metrics:
  3.     defaultPrometheusScrapePort: 20200
  4.     defaultPrometheusScrapePath: "/metrics"

Those Helm values will result in the following Prometheus annotations being automatically added to the Pod for scraping:

  1. metadata:
  2.   annotations:
  3.     prometheus.io/scrape: "true"
  4.     prometheus.io/path: "/metrics"
  5.     prometheus.io/port: "20200"

When metrics alone are enabled, the listener in the diagram on 0.0.0.0:20200 would point directly at the sidecar metrics endpoint, rather than the merged metrics endpoint. The Prometheus scraping annotations would stay the same.

When metrics and metrics merging are both enabled, metrics are combined from the service and the sidecar proxy, and exposed via a local server on the Consul sidecar for scraping. This endpoint is called the merged metrics endpoint and defaults to 127.0.0.1:20100/stats/prometheus. The listener will target the merged metrics endpoint in the above case. It can be configured with the following Helm values (or overridden on a per-Pod basis with consul.hashicorp.com/merged-metrics-port):

  1. connectInject:
  2.   metrics:
  3.     defaultMergedMetricsPort: 20100

The endpoint to scrape service metrics from can be configured only on a per-Pod basis via the Pod annotations consul.hashicorp.com/service-metrics-port and consul.hashicorp.com/service-metrics-path. If these are not configured, the service metrics port will default to the port used to register the service with Consul (consul.hashicorp.com/connect-service-port), which in turn defaults to the first port on the first container of the Pod. The service metrics path will default to /metrics.

Consul Agent Metrics

Metrics from the Consul server and client Pods can be scraped via Prometheus by setting the field global.metrics.enableAgentMetrics to true. Additionally, one can configure the metrics retention time on the agents by configuring the field global.metrics.agentMetricsRetentionTime which expects a duration and defaults to "1m". This value must be greater than "0m" for the Consul servers and clients to emit metrics at all. As the Prometheus deployment currently does not support scraping TLS endpoints, agent metrics are currently unsupported when TLS is enabled.

  1. global:
  2.   metrics:
  3.     enabled: true
  4.     enableAgentMetrics: true
  5.     agentMetricsRetentionTime: "1m"

Gateway Metrics

Metrics from the Consul gateways, namely the Ingress Gateways, Terminating Gateways and the Mesh Gateways can be scraped via Prometheus by setting the field global.metrics.enableGatewayMetrics to true. The gateways emit standard Envoy proxy metrics. To ensure that the metrics are not exposed to the public internet (as Mesh and Ingress gateways can have public IPs), their metrics endpoints are exposed on the Pod IP of the respective gateway instance, rather than on all interfaces on 0.0.0.0.

  1. global:
  2.   metrics:
  3.     enabled: true
  4.     enableGatewayMetrics: true

Metrics in the UI Topology Visualization

Consul’s built-in UI has a topology visualization for services part of the Consul Service Mesh. The topology visualization has the ability to fetch basic metrics from a metrics provider for each service and display those metrics as part of the topology visualization.

The diagram below illustrates how the UI displays service metrics for a sample application:

UI Topology View

The topology view is configured under ui.metrics. This will enable the Consul UI to query the provider specified by ui.metrics.provider at the URL of the Prometheus server ui.metrics.baseURL to display sidecar proxy metrics for the service. The UI will display some specific sidecar proxy Prometheus metrics when ui.metrics.enabled is true and ui.enabled is true. The value of ui.metrics.enabled defaults to "-" which means it will inherit from the value of global.metrics.enabled.

  1. ui:
  2.   enabled: true
  3.   metrics:
  4.     enabled: true # by default, this inherits from the value global.metrics.enabled
  5.     provider: "prometheus"
  6.     baseURL: http://prometheus-server

Deploying Prometheus (for demo and non-production use-cases only)

The Helm chart contains demo manifests for deploying Prometheus. It can be installed with Helm via prometheus.enabled. This manifest is based on the community manifest for Prometheus. The Prometheus deployment is designed to allow quick bootstrapping for trial and demo use cases, and is not recommended for production use-cases.

Prometheus will be installed in the same namespace as Consul, and will be installed and uninstalled along with the Consul installation.

Grafana can optionally be utilized with Prometheus to display metrics. The installation and configuration of Grafana must be managed separately from the Consul Helm chart. The Layer 7 Observability with Prometheus, Grafana, and Kubernetes) tutorial provides an installation walkthrough using Helm.

  1. prometheus:
  2.   enabled: true