C/C++ Connector

C/C++ 开发人员可以使用 TDengine 的客户端驱动，即 C/C++连接器 （以下都用 TDengine 客户端驱动表示），开发自己的应用来连接 TDengine 集群完成数据存储、查询以及其他功能。TDengine 客户端驱动的 API 类似于 MySQL 的 C API。应用程序使用时，需要包含 TDengine 头文件 taos.h，里面列出了提供的 API 的函数原型；应用程序还要链接到所在平台上对应的动态库。

#include <taos.h>

TDengine 服务端或客户端安装后，taos.h 位于：

• Linux：/usr/local/taos/include
• Windows：C:\TDengine\include

TDengine 客户端驱动的动态库位于：

• Linux: /usr/local/taos/driver/libtaos.so
• Windows: C:\TDengine\taos.dll

支持的平台

请参考支持的平台列表

支持的版本

TDengine 客户端驱动的版本号与 TDengine 服务端的版本号是一一对应的强对应关系，建议使用与 TDengine 服务端完全相同的客户端驱动。虽然低版本的客户端驱动在前三段版本号一致（即仅第四段版本号不同）的情况下也能够与高版本的服务端相兼容，但这并非推荐用法。强烈不建议使用高版本的客户端驱动访问低版本的服务端。

安装步骤

TDengine 客户端驱动的安装请参考 安装指南

建立连接

使用客户端驱动访问 TDengine 集群的基本过程为：建立连接、查询和写入、关闭连接、清除资源。

下面为建立连接的示例代码，其中省略了查询和写入部分，展示了如何建立连接、关闭连接以及清除资源。

  TAOS *taos = taos_connect("localhost:6030", "root", "taosdata", NULL, 0);
  if (taos == NULL) {
    printf("failed to connect to server, reason:%s\n", "null taos" /*taos_errstr(taos)*/);
    exit(1);
  }
  /* put your code here for read and write */
  taos_close(taos);
  taos_cleanup();

在上面的示例代码中， taos_connect() 建立到客户端程序所在主机的 6030 端口的连接，taos_close()关闭当前连接，taos_cleanup()清除客户端驱动所申请和使用的资源。

note

• 如未特别说明，当 API 的返回值是整数时，0 代表成功，其它是代表失败原因的错误码，当返回值是指针时， NULL 表示失败。
• 所有的错误码以及对应的原因描述在 taoserror.h 文件中。

示例程序

本节展示了使用客户端驱动访问 TDengine 集群的常见访问方式的示例代码。

同步查询示例

同步查询

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2019 TAOS Data, Inc. <jhtao@taosdata.com>
 *
 * This program is free software: you can use, redistribute, and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License, version 3
 * or later ("AGPL"), as published by the Free Software Foundation.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
 * along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 */
// TAOS standard API example. The same syntax as MySQL, but only a subset
// to compile: gcc -o demo demo.c -ltaos
#include <inttypes.h>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <taos.h>  // TAOS header file
static void queryDB(TAOS *taos, char *command) {
  int       i;
  TAOS_RES *pSql = NULL;
  int32_t   code = -1;
  for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
    if (NULL != pSql) {
      taos_free_result(pSql);
      pSql = NULL;
    }
    pSql = taos_query(taos, command);
    code = taos_errno(pSql);
    if (0 == code) {
      break;
    }
  }
  if (code != 0) {
    fprintf(stderr, "Failed to run %s, reason: %s\n", command, taos_errstr(pSql));
    taos_free_result(pSql);
    taos_close(taos);
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }
  taos_free_result(pSql);
}
void Test(TAOS *taos, char *qstr, int i);
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
  char qstr[1024];
  // connect to server
  if (argc < 2) {
    printf("please input server-ip \n");
    return 0;
  }
  TAOS *taos = taos_connect(argv[1], "root", "taosdata", NULL, 0);
  if (taos == NULL) {
    printf("failed to connect to server, reason:%s\n", "null taos" /*taos_errstr(taos)*/);
    exit(1);
  }
  for (int i = 0; i < 100; i++) {
    Test(taos, qstr, i);
  }
  taos_close(taos);
  taos_cleanup();
}
void Test(TAOS *taos, char *qstr, int index) {
  printf("==================test at %d\n================================", index);
  queryDB(taos, "drop database if exists demo");
  queryDB(taos, "create database demo");
  TAOS_RES *result;
  queryDB(taos, "use demo");
  queryDB(taos,
          "create table m1 (ts timestamp, ti tinyint, si smallint, i int, bi bigint, f float, d double, b binary(10))");
  printf("success to create table\n");
  int i = 0;
  for (i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
    sprintf(qstr, "insert into m1 values (%" PRId64 ", %d, %d, %d, %d, %f, %lf, '%s')",
            (uint64_t)(1546300800000 + i * 1000), i, i, i, i * 10000000, i * 1.0, i * 2.0, "hello");
    printf("qstr: %s\n", qstr);
    // note: how do you wanna do if taos_query returns non-NULL
    // if (taos_query(taos, qstr)) {
    //   printf("insert row: %i, reason:%s\n", i, taos_errstr(taos));
    // }
    TAOS_RES *result1 = taos_query(taos, qstr);
    if (result1 == NULL || taos_errno(result1) != 0) {
      printf("failed to insert row, reason:%s\n", taos_errstr(result1));
      taos_free_result(result1);
      exit(1);
    } else {
      printf("insert row: %i\n", i);
    }
    taos_free_result(result1);
  }
  printf("success to insert rows, total %d rows\n", i);
  // query the records
  sprintf(qstr, "SELECT * FROM m1");
  result = taos_query(taos, qstr);
  if (result == NULL || taos_errno(result) != 0) {
    printf("failed to select, reason:%s\n", taos_errstr(result));
    taos_free_result(result);
    exit(1);
  }
  TAOS_ROW    row;
  int         rows = 0;
  int         num_fields = taos_field_count(result);
  TAOS_FIELD *fields = taos_fetch_fields(result);
  printf("num_fields = %d\n", num_fields);
  printf("select * from table, result:\n");
  // fetch the records row by row
  while ((row = taos_fetch_row(result))) {
    char temp[1024] = {0};
    rows++;
    taos_print_row(temp, row, fields, num_fields);
    printf("%s\n", temp);
  }
  taos_free_result(result);
  printf("====demo end====\n\n");
}

查看源码

异步查询示例

异步查询

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2019 TAOS Data, Inc. <jhtao@taosdata.com>
 *
 * This program is free software: you can use, redistribute, and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU Affero General Public License, version 3
 * or later ("AGPL"), as published by the Free Software Foundation.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but WITHOUT
 * ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or
 * FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU Affero General Public License
 * along with this program. If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.
 */
// TAOS asynchronous API example
// this example opens multiple tables, insert/retrieve multiple tables
// it is used by TAOS internally for one performance testing
// to compiple: gcc -o asyncdemo asyncdemo.c -ltaos
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/time.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <taos.h>
int     points = 5;
int     numOfTables = 3;
int     tablesInsertProcessed = 0;
int     tablesSelectProcessed = 0;
int64_t st, et;
typedef struct {
  int    id;
  TAOS * taos;
  char   name[16];
  time_t timeStamp;
  int    value;
  int    rowsInserted;
  int    rowsTried;
  int    rowsRetrieved;
} STable;
void taos_insert_call_back(void *param, TAOS_RES *tres, int code);
void taos_select_call_back(void *param, TAOS_RES *tres, int code);
void taos_error(TAOS *taos);
static void queryDB(TAOS *taos, char *command) {
  int       i;
  TAOS_RES *pSql = NULL;
  int32_t   code = -1;
  for (i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
    if (NULL != pSql) {
      taos_free_result(pSql);
      pSql = NULL;
    }
    pSql = taos_query(taos, command);
    code = taos_errno(pSql);
    if (0 == code) {
      break;
    }
  }
  if (code != 0) {
    fprintf(stderr, "Failed to run %s, reason: %s\n", command, taos_errstr(pSql));
    taos_free_result(pSql);
    taos_close(taos);
    taos_cleanup();
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }
  taos_free_result(pSql);
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
  TAOS *         taos;
  struct timeval systemTime;
  int            i;
  char           sql[1024] = {0};
  char           prefix[20] = {0};
  char           db[128] = {0};
  STable *       tableList;
  if (argc != 5) {
    printf("usage: %s server-ip dbname rowsPerTable numOfTables\n", argv[0]);
    exit(0);
  }
  // a simple way to parse input parameters
  if (argc >= 3) strcpy(db, argv[2]);
  if (argc >= 4) points = atoi(argv[3]);
  if (argc >= 5) numOfTables = atoi(argv[4]);
  size_t size = sizeof(STable) * (size_t)numOfTables;
  tableList = (STable *)malloc(size);
  memset(tableList, 0, size);
  taos = taos_connect(argv[1], "root", "taosdata", NULL, 0);
  if (taos == NULL) taos_error(taos);
  printf("success to connect to server\n");
  sprintf(sql, "drop database if exists %s", db);
  queryDB(taos, sql);
  sprintf(sql, "create database %s", db);
  queryDB(taos, sql);
  sprintf(sql, "use %s", db);
  queryDB(taos, sql);
  strcpy(prefix, "asytbl_");
  for (i = 0; i < numOfTables; ++i) {
    tableList[i].id = i;
    tableList[i].taos = taos;
    sprintf(tableList[i].name, "%s%d", prefix, i);
    sprintf(sql, "create table %s%d (ts timestamp, volume bigint)", prefix, i);
    queryDB(taos, sql);
  }
  gettimeofday(&systemTime, NULL);
  for (i = 0; i < numOfTables; ++i)
    tableList[i].timeStamp = (time_t)(systemTime.tv_sec) * 1000 + systemTime.tv_usec / 1000;
  printf("success to create tables, press any key to insert\n");
  getchar();
  printf("start to insert...\n");
  gettimeofday(&systemTime, NULL);
  st = systemTime.tv_sec * 1000000 + systemTime.tv_usec;
  tablesInsertProcessed = 0;
  tablesSelectProcessed = 0;
  for (i = 0; i < numOfTables; ++i) {
    // insert records in asynchronous API
    sprintf(sql, "insert into %s values(%ld, 0)", tableList[i].name, 1546300800000 + i);
    taos_query_a(taos, sql, taos_insert_call_back, (void *)(tableList + i));
  }
  printf("once insert finished, presse any key to query\n");
  getchar();
  while (1) {
    if (tablesInsertProcessed < numOfTables) {
      printf("wait for process finished\n");
      sleep(1);
      continue;
    }
    break;
  }
  printf("start to query...\n");
  gettimeofday(&systemTime, NULL);
  st = systemTime.tv_sec * 1000000 + systemTime.tv_usec;
  for (i = 0; i < numOfTables; ++i) {
    // select records in asynchronous API
    sprintf(sql, "select * from %s", tableList[i].name);
    taos_query_a(taos, sql, taos_select_call_back, (void *)(tableList + i));
  }
  printf("\nonce finished, press any key to exit\n");
  getchar();
  while (1) {
    if (tablesSelectProcessed < numOfTables) {
      printf("wait for process finished\n");
      sleep(1);
      continue;
    }
    break;
  }
  for (i = 0; i < numOfTables; ++i) {
    printf("%s inserted:%d retrieved:%d\n", tableList[i].name, tableList[i].rowsInserted, tableList[i].rowsRetrieved);
  }
  taos_close(taos);
  free(tableList);
  printf("==== async demo end====\n");
  printf("\n");
  return 0;
}
void taos_error(TAOS *con) {
  fprintf(stderr, "TDengine error: %s\n", taos_errstr(con));
  taos_close(con);
  taos_cleanup();
  exit(1);
}
void taos_insert_call_back(void *param, TAOS_RES *tres, int code) {
  STable *       pTable = (STable *)param;
  struct timeval systemTime;
  char           sql[128];
  pTable->rowsTried++;
  if (code < 0) {
    printf("%s insert failed, code:%d, rows:%d\n", pTable->name, code, pTable->rowsTried);
  } else if (code == 0) {
    printf("%s not inserted\n", pTable->name);
  } else {
    pTable->rowsInserted++;
  }
  if (pTable->rowsTried < points) {
    // for this demo, insert another record
    sprintf(sql, "insert into %s values(%ld, %d)", pTable->name, 1546300800000 + pTable->rowsTried * 1000,
            pTable->rowsTried);
    taos_query_a(pTable->taos, sql, taos_insert_call_back, (void *)pTable);
  } else {
    printf("%d rows data are inserted into %s\n", points, pTable->name);
    tablesInsertProcessed++;
    if (tablesInsertProcessed >= numOfTables) {
      gettimeofday(&systemTime, NULL);
      et = systemTime.tv_sec * 1000000 + systemTime.tv_usec;
      printf("%lld mseconds to insert %d data points\n", (et - st) / 1000, points * numOfTables);
    }
  }
  taos_free_result(tres);
}
void taos_retrieve_call_back(void *param, TAOS_RES *tres, int numOfRows) {
  STable *       pTable = (STable *)param;
  struct timeval systemTime;
  if (numOfRows > 0) {
    for (int i = 0; i < numOfRows; ++i) {
      // synchronous API to retrieve a row from batch of records
      /*TAOS_ROW row = */ (void)taos_fetch_row(tres);
      // process row
    }
    pTable->rowsRetrieved += numOfRows;
    // retrieve next batch of rows
    taos_fetch_rows_a(tres, taos_retrieve_call_back, pTable);
  } else {
    if (numOfRows < 0) printf("%s retrieve failed, code:%d\n", pTable->name, numOfRows);
    // taos_free_result(tres);
    printf("%d rows data retrieved from %s\n", pTable->rowsRetrieved, pTable->name);
    tablesSelectProcessed++;
    if (tablesSelectProcessed >= numOfTables) {
      gettimeofday(&systemTime, NULL);
      et = systemTime.tv_sec * 1000000 + systemTime.tv_usec;
      printf("%lld mseconds to query %d data rows\n", (et - st) / 1000, points * numOfTables);
    }
    taos_free_result(tres);
  }
}
void taos_select_call_back(void *param, TAOS_RES *tres, int code) {
  STable *pTable = (STable *)param;
  if (code == 0 && tres) {
    // asynchronous API to fetch a batch of records
    taos_fetch_rows_a(tres, taos_retrieve_call_back, pTable);
  } else {
    printf("%s select failed, code:%d\n", pTable->name, code);
    taos_free_result(tres);
    taos_cleanup();
    exit(1);
  }
}

查看源码

参数绑定示例

参数绑定

// TAOS standard API example. The same syntax as MySQL, but only a subet
// to compile: gcc -o prepare prepare.c -ltaos
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <taos.h>
#include <unistd.h>
void taosMsleep(int mseconds);
void verify_prepare(TAOS* taos) {
  TAOS_RES* result = taos_query(taos, "drop database if exists test;");
  taos_free_result(result);
  usleep(100000);
  result = taos_query(taos, "create database test;");
  int code = taos_errno(result);
  if (code != 0) {
    printf("\033[31mfailed to create database, reason:%s\033[0m\n", taos_errstr(result));
    taos_free_result(result);
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }
  taos_free_result(result);
  usleep(100000);
  taos_select_db(taos, "test");
  // create table
  const char* sql =
      "create table m1 (ts timestamp, b bool, v1 tinyint, v2 smallint, v4 int, v8 bigint, f4 float, f8 double, bin "
      "binary(40), blob nchar(10), u1 tinyint unsigned, u2 smallint unsigned, u4 int unsigned, u8 bigint unsigned)";
  result = taos_query(taos, sql);
  code = taos_errno(result);
  if (code != 0) {
    printf("\033[31mfailed to create table, reason:%s\033[0m\n", taos_errstr(result));
    taos_free_result(result);
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }
  taos_free_result(result);
  // insert 10 records
  struct {
    int64_t  ts;
    int8_t   b;
    int8_t   v1;
    int16_t  v2;
    int32_t  v4;
    int64_t  v8;
    float    f4;
    double   f8;
    char     bin[40];
    char     blob[80];
    uint8_t  u1;
    uint16_t u2;
    uint32_t u4;
    uint64_t u8;
  } v = {0};
  TAOS_STMT* stmt = taos_stmt_init(taos);
  TAOS_BIND  params[14];
  params[0].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_TIMESTAMP;
  params[0].buffer_length = sizeof(v.ts);
  params[0].buffer = &v.ts;
  params[0].length = &params[0].buffer_length;
  params[0].is_null = NULL;
  params[1].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_BOOL;
  params[1].buffer_length = sizeof(v.b);
  params[1].buffer = &v.b;
  params[1].length = &params[1].buffer_length;
  params[1].is_null = NULL;
  params[2].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_TINYINT;
  params[2].buffer_length = sizeof(v.v1);
  params[2].buffer = &v.v1;
  params[2].length = &params[2].buffer_length;
  params[2].is_null = NULL;
  params[3].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_SMALLINT;
  params[3].buffer_length = sizeof(v.v2);
  params[3].buffer = &v.v2;
  params[3].length = &params[3].buffer_length;
  params[3].is_null = NULL;
  params[4].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_INT;
  params[4].buffer_length = sizeof(v.v4);
  params[4].buffer = &v.v4;
  params[4].length = &params[4].buffer_length;
  params[4].is_null = NULL;
  params[5].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_BIGINT;
  params[5].buffer_length = sizeof(v.v8);
  params[5].buffer = &v.v8;
  params[5].length = &params[5].buffer_length;
  params[5].is_null = NULL;
  params[6].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_FLOAT;
  params[6].buffer_length = sizeof(v.f4);
  params[6].buffer = &v.f4;
  params[6].length = &params[6].buffer_length;
  params[6].is_null = NULL;
  params[7].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_DOUBLE;
  params[7].buffer_length = sizeof(v.f8);
  params[7].buffer = &v.f8;
  params[7].length = &params[7].buffer_length;
  params[7].is_null = NULL;
  params[8].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_BINARY;
  params[8].buffer_length = sizeof(v.bin);
  params[8].buffer = v.bin;
  params[8].length = &params[8].buffer_length;
  params[8].is_null = NULL;
  strcpy(v.blob, "一二三四五六七八九十");
  params[9].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_NCHAR;
  params[9].buffer_length = strlen(v.blob);
  params[9].buffer = v.blob;
  params[9].length = &params[9].buffer_length;
  params[9].is_null = NULL;
  params[10].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_UTINYINT;
  params[10].buffer_length = sizeof(v.u1);
  params[10].buffer = &v.u1;
  params[10].length = &params[10].buffer_length;
  params[10].is_null = NULL;
  params[11].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_USMALLINT;
  params[11].buffer_length = sizeof(v.u2);
  params[11].buffer = &v.u2;
  params[11].length = &params[11].buffer_length;
  params[11].is_null = NULL;
  params[12].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_UINT;
  params[12].buffer_length = sizeof(v.u4);
  params[12].buffer = &v.u4;
  params[12].length = &params[12].buffer_length;
  params[12].is_null = NULL;
  params[13].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_UBIGINT;
  params[13].buffer_length = sizeof(v.u8);
  params[13].buffer = &v.u8;
  params[13].length = &params[13].buffer_length;
  params[13].is_null = NULL;
  int is_null = 1;
  sql = "insert into m1 values(?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?)";
  code = taos_stmt_prepare(stmt, sql, 0);
  if (code != 0) {
    printf("\033[31mfailed to execute taos_stmt_prepare. error:%s\033[0m\n", taos_stmt_errstr(stmt));
    taos_stmt_close(stmt);
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }
  v.ts = 1591060628000;
  for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
    v.ts += 1;
    for (int j = 1; j < 10; ++j) {
      params[j].is_null = ((i == j) ? &is_null : 0);
    }
    v.b = (int8_t)i % 2;
    v.v1 = (int8_t)i;
    v.v2 = (int16_t)(i * 2);
    v.v4 = (int32_t)(i * 4);
    v.v8 = (int64_t)(i * 8);
    v.f4 = (float)(i * 40);
    v.f8 = (double)(i * 80);
    for (int j = 0; j < sizeof(v.bin); ++j) {
      v.bin[j] = (char)(i + '0');
    }
    v.u1 = (uint8_t)i;
    v.u2 = (uint16_t)(i * 2);
    v.u4 = (uint32_t)(i * 4);
    v.u8 = (uint64_t)(i * 8);
    taos_stmt_bind_param(stmt, params);
    taos_stmt_add_batch(stmt);
  }
  if (taos_stmt_execute(stmt) != 0) {
    printf("\033[31mfailed to execute insert statement.error:%s\033[0m\n", taos_stmt_errstr(stmt));
    taos_stmt_close(stmt);
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }
  int affectedRows = taos_stmt_affected_rows(stmt);
  printf("sucessfully inserted %d rows\n", affectedRows);
  taos_stmt_close(stmt);
  // query the records
  stmt = taos_stmt_init(taos);
  taos_stmt_prepare(stmt, "SELECT * FROM m1 WHERE v1 > ? AND v2 < ?", 0);
  v.v1 = 5;
  v.v2 = 15;
  taos_stmt_bind_param(stmt, params + 2);
  if (taos_stmt_execute(stmt) != 0) {
    printf("\033[31mfailed to execute select statement.error:%s\033[0m\n", taos_stmt_errstr(stmt));
    taos_stmt_close(stmt);
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }
  result = taos_stmt_use_result(stmt);
  TAOS_ROW    row;
  int         rows = 0;
  int         num_fields = taos_num_fields(result);
  TAOS_FIELD* fields = taos_fetch_fields(result);
  // fetch the records row by row
  while ((row = taos_fetch_row(result))) {
    char temp[256] = {0};
    rows++;
    taos_print_row(temp, row, fields, num_fields);
    printf("%s\n", temp);
  }
  taos_free_result(result);
  taos_stmt_close(stmt);
}
void verify_prepare2(TAOS* taos) {
  TAOS_RES* result = taos_query(taos, "drop database if exists test;");
  taos_free_result(result);
  usleep(100000);
  result = taos_query(taos, "create database test;");
  int code = taos_errno(result);
  if (code != 0) {
    printf("\033[31mfailed to create database, reason:%s\033[0m\n", taos_errstr(result));
    taos_free_result(result);
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }
  taos_free_result(result);
  usleep(100000);
  taos_select_db(taos, "test");
  // create table
  const char* sql =
      "create table m1 (ts timestamp, b bool, v1 tinyint, v2 smallint, v4 int, v8 bigint, f4 float, f8 double, bin "
      "binary(40), blob nchar(10), u1 tinyint unsigned, u2 smallint unsigned, u4 int unsigned, u8 bigint unsigned)";
  result = taos_query(taos, sql);
  code = taos_errno(result);
  if (code != 0) {
    printf("\033[31mfailed to create table, reason:%s\033[0m\n", taos_errstr(result));
    taos_free_result(result);
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }
  taos_free_result(result);
  // insert 10 records
  struct {
    int64_t  ts;
    int8_t   b;
    int8_t   v1;
    int16_t  v2;
    int32_t  v4;
    int64_t  v8;
    float    f4;
    double   f8;
    char     bin[40];
    char     blob[80];
    uint8_t  u1;
    uint16_t u2;
    uint32_t u4;
    uint64_t u8;
  } v = {0};
  TAOS_STMT* stmt = taos_stmt_init(taos);
  TAOS_BIND  params[14];
  params[0].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_TIMESTAMP;
  params[0].buffer_length = sizeof(v.ts);
  params[0].buffer = &v.ts;
  params[0].length = &params[0].buffer_length;
  params[0].is_null = NULL;
  params[1].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_BOOL;
  params[1].buffer_length = sizeof(v.b);
  params[1].buffer = &v.b;
  params[1].length = &params[1].buffer_length;
  params[1].is_null = NULL;
  params[2].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_TINYINT;
  params[2].buffer_length = sizeof(v.v1);
  params[2].buffer = &v.v1;
  params[2].length = &params[2].buffer_length;
  params[2].is_null = NULL;
  params[3].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_SMALLINT;
  params[3].buffer_length = sizeof(v.v2);
  params[3].buffer = &v.v2;
  params[3].length = &params[3].buffer_length;
  params[3].is_null = NULL;
  params[4].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_INT;
  params[4].buffer_length = sizeof(v.v4);
  params[4].buffer = &v.v4;
  params[4].length = &params[4].buffer_length;
  params[4].is_null = NULL;
  params[5].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_BIGINT;
  params[5].buffer_length = sizeof(v.v8);
  params[5].buffer = &v.v8;
  params[5].length = &params[5].buffer_length;
  params[5].is_null = NULL;
  params[6].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_FLOAT;
  params[6].buffer_length = sizeof(v.f4);
  params[6].buffer = &v.f4;
  params[6].length = &params[6].buffer_length;
  params[6].is_null = NULL;
  params[7].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_DOUBLE;
  params[7].buffer_length = sizeof(v.f8);
  params[7].buffer = &v.f8;
  params[7].length = &params[7].buffer_length;
  params[7].is_null = NULL;
  params[8].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_BINARY;
  params[8].buffer_length = sizeof(v.bin);
  params[8].buffer = v.bin;
  params[8].length = &params[8].buffer_length;
  params[8].is_null = NULL;
  strcpy(v.blob, "一二三四五六七八九十");
  params[9].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_NCHAR;
  params[9].buffer_length = strlen(v.blob);
  params[9].buffer = v.blob;
  params[9].length = &params[9].buffer_length;
  params[9].is_null = NULL;
  params[10].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_UTINYINT;
  params[10].buffer_length = sizeof(v.u1);
  params[10].buffer = &v.u1;
  params[10].length = &params[10].buffer_length;
  params[10].is_null = NULL;
  params[11].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_USMALLINT;
  params[11].buffer_length = sizeof(v.u2);
  params[11].buffer = &v.u2;
  params[11].length = &params[11].buffer_length;
  params[11].is_null = NULL;
  params[12].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_UINT;
  params[12].buffer_length = sizeof(v.u4);
  params[12].buffer = &v.u4;
  params[12].length = &params[12].buffer_length;
  params[12].is_null = NULL;
  params[13].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_UBIGINT;
  params[13].buffer_length = sizeof(v.u8);
  params[13].buffer = &v.u8;
  params[13].length = &params[13].buffer_length;
  params[13].is_null = NULL;
  sql = "insert into ? values(?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?)";
  code = taos_stmt_prepare(stmt, sql, 0);
  if (code != 0) {
    printf("\033[31mfailed to execute taos_stmt_prepare. error:%s\033[0m\n", taos_stmt_errstr(stmt));
    taos_stmt_close(stmt);
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }
  code = taos_stmt_set_tbname(stmt, "m1");
  if (code != 0) {
    printf("\033[31mfailed to execute taos_stmt_prepare. error:%s\033[0m\n", taos_stmt_errstr(stmt));
    taos_stmt_close(stmt);
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }
  int is_null = 1;
  v.ts = 1591060628000;
  for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
    v.ts += 1;
    for (int j = 1; j < 10; ++j) {
      params[j].is_null = ((i == j) ? &is_null : 0);
    }
    v.b = (int8_t)i % 2;
    v.v1 = (int8_t)i;
    v.v2 = (int16_t)(i * 2);
    v.v4 = (int32_t)(i * 4);
    v.v8 = (int64_t)(i * 8);
    v.f4 = (float)(i * 40);
    v.f8 = (double)(i * 80);
    for (int j = 0; j < sizeof(v.bin); ++j) {
      v.bin[j] = (char)(i + '0');
    }
    v.u1 = (uint8_t)i;
    v.u2 = (uint16_t)(i * 2);
    v.u4 = (uint32_t)(i * 4);
    v.u8 = (uint64_t)(i * 8);
    taos_stmt_bind_param(stmt, params);
    taos_stmt_add_batch(stmt);
  }
  if (taos_stmt_execute(stmt) != 0) {
    printf("\033[31mfailed to execute insert statement.error:%s\033[0m\n", taos_stmt_errstr(stmt));
    taos_stmt_close(stmt);
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }
  int affectedRows = taos_stmt_affected_rows(stmt);
  printf("sucessfully inserted %d rows\n", affectedRows);
  taos_stmt_close(stmt);
  // query the records
  stmt = taos_stmt_init(taos);
  taos_stmt_prepare(stmt, "SELECT * FROM m1 WHERE v1 > ? AND v2 < ?", 0);
  TAOS_BIND qparams[2];
  int8_t  v1 = 5;
  int16_t v2 = 15;
  qparams[0].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_TINYINT;
  qparams[0].buffer_length = sizeof(v1);
  qparams[0].buffer = &v1;
  qparams[0].length = &qparams[0].buffer_length;
  qparams[0].is_null = NULL;
  qparams[1].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_SMALLINT;
  qparams[1].buffer_length = sizeof(v2);
  qparams[1].buffer = &v2;
  qparams[1].length = &qparams[1].buffer_length;
  qparams[1].is_null = NULL;
  taos_stmt_bind_param(stmt, qparams);
  if (taos_stmt_execute(stmt) != 0) {
    printf("\033[31mfailed to execute select statement.error:%s\033[0m\n", taos_stmt_errstr(stmt));
    taos_stmt_close(stmt);
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }
  result = taos_stmt_use_result(stmt);
  TAOS_ROW    row;
  int         rows = 0;
  int         num_fields = taos_num_fields(result);
  TAOS_FIELD* fields = taos_fetch_fields(result);
  // fetch the records row by row
  while ((row = taos_fetch_row(result))) {
    char temp[256] = {0};
    rows++;
    taos_print_row(temp, row, fields, num_fields);
    printf("%s\n", temp);
  }
  taos_free_result(result);
  taos_stmt_close(stmt);
}
void verify_prepare3(TAOS* taos) {
  TAOS_RES* result = taos_query(taos, "drop database if exists test;");
  taos_free_result(result);
  usleep(100000);
  result = taos_query(taos, "create database test;");
  int code = taos_errno(result);
  if (code != 0) {
    printf("\033[31mfailed to create database, reason:%s\033[0m\n", taos_errstr(result));
    taos_free_result(result);
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }
  taos_free_result(result);
  usleep(100000);
  taos_select_db(taos, "test");
  // create table
  const char* sql =
      "create stable st1 (ts timestamp, b bool, v1 tinyint, v2 smallint, v4 int, v8 bigint, f4 float, f8 double, bin "
      "binary(40), blob nchar(10), u1 tinyint unsigned, u2 smallint unsigned, u4 int unsigned, u8 bigint unsigned) "
      "tags "
      "(b_tag bool, v1_tag tinyint, v2_tag smallint, v4_tag int, v8_tag bigint, f4_tag float, f8_tag double, bin_tag "
      "binary(40), blob_tag nchar(10), u1_tag tinyint unsigned, u2_tag smallint unsigned, u4_tag int unsigned, u8_tag "
      "bigint "
      "unsigned)";
  result = taos_query(taos, sql);
  code = taos_errno(result);
  if (code != 0) {
    printf("\033[31mfailed to create table, reason:%s\033[0m\n", taos_errstr(result));
    taos_free_result(result);
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }
  taos_free_result(result);
  TAOS_BIND tags[13];
  struct {
    int8_t   b;
    int8_t   v1;
    int16_t  v2;
    int32_t  v4;
    int64_t  v8;
    float    f4;
    double   f8;
    char     bin[40];
    char     blob[80];
    uint8_t  u1;
    uint16_t u2;
    uint32_t u4;
    uint64_t u8;
  } id = {0};
  id.b = (int8_t)1;
  id.v1 = (int8_t)1;
  id.v2 = (int16_t)2;
  id.v4 = (int32_t)4;
  id.v8 = (int64_t)8;
  id.f4 = (float)40;
  id.f8 = (double)80;
  for (int j = 0; j < sizeof(id.bin); ++j) {
    id.bin[j] = (char)('1' + '0');
  }
  strcpy(id.blob, "一二三四五六七八九十");
  id.u1 = (uint8_t)1;
  id.u2 = (uint16_t)2;
  id.u4 = (uint32_t)4;
  id.u8 = (uint64_t)8;
  tags[0].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_BOOL;
  tags[0].buffer_length = sizeof(id.b);
  tags[0].buffer = &id.b;
  tags[0].length = &tags[0].buffer_length;
  tags[0].is_null = NULL;
  tags[1].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_TINYINT;
  tags[1].buffer_length = sizeof(id.v1);
  tags[1].buffer = &id.v1;
  tags[1].length = &tags[1].buffer_length;
  tags[1].is_null = NULL;
  tags[2].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_SMALLINT;
  tags[2].buffer_length = sizeof(id.v2);
  tags[2].buffer = &id.v2;
  tags[2].length = &tags[2].buffer_length;
  tags[2].is_null = NULL;
  tags[3].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_INT;
  tags[3].buffer_length = sizeof(id.v4);
  tags[3].buffer = &id.v4;
  tags[3].length = &tags[3].buffer_length;
  tags[3].is_null = NULL;
  tags[4].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_BIGINT;
  tags[4].buffer_length = sizeof(id.v8);
  tags[4].buffer = &id.v8;
  tags[4].length = &tags[4].buffer_length;
  tags[4].is_null = NULL;
  tags[5].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_FLOAT;
  tags[5].buffer_length = sizeof(id.f4);
  tags[5].buffer = &id.f4;
  tags[5].length = &tags[5].buffer_length;
  tags[5].is_null = NULL;
  tags[6].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_DOUBLE;
  tags[6].buffer_length = sizeof(id.f8);
  tags[6].buffer = &id.f8;
  tags[6].length = &tags[6].buffer_length;
  tags[6].is_null = NULL;
  tags[7].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_BINARY;
  tags[7].buffer_length = sizeof(id.bin);
  tags[7].buffer = &id.bin;
  tags[7].length = &tags[7].buffer_length;
  tags[7].is_null = NULL;
  tags[8].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_NCHAR;
  tags[8].buffer_length = strlen(id.blob);
  tags[8].buffer = &id.blob;
  tags[8].length = &tags[8].buffer_length;
  tags[8].is_null = NULL;
  tags[9].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_UTINYINT;
  tags[9].buffer_length = sizeof(id.u1);
  tags[9].buffer = &id.u1;
  tags[9].length = &tags[9].buffer_length;
  tags[9].is_null = NULL;
  tags[10].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_USMALLINT;
  tags[10].buffer_length = sizeof(id.u2);
  tags[10].buffer = &id.u2;
  tags[10].length = &tags[10].buffer_length;
  tags[10].is_null = NULL;
  tags[11].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_UINT;
  tags[11].buffer_length = sizeof(id.u4);
  tags[11].buffer = &id.u4;
  tags[11].length = &tags[11].buffer_length;
  tags[11].is_null = NULL;
  tags[12].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_UBIGINT;
  tags[12].buffer_length = sizeof(id.u8);
  tags[12].buffer = &id.u8;
  tags[12].length = &tags[12].buffer_length;
  tags[12].is_null = NULL;
  // insert 10 records
  struct {
    int64_t  ts[10];
    int8_t   b[10];
    int8_t   v1[10];
    int16_t  v2[10];
    int32_t  v4[10];
    int64_t  v8[10];
    float    f4[10];
    double   f8[10];
    char     bin[10][40];
    char     blob[10][80];
    uint8_t  u1[10];
    uint16_t u2[10];
    uint32_t u4[10];
    uint64_t u8[10];
  } v;
  int32_t* t8_len = malloc(sizeof(int32_t) * 10);
  int32_t* t16_len = malloc(sizeof(int32_t) * 10);
  int32_t* t32_len = malloc(sizeof(int32_t) * 10);
  int32_t* t64_len = malloc(sizeof(int32_t) * 10);
  int32_t* float_len = malloc(sizeof(int32_t) * 10);
  int32_t* double_len = malloc(sizeof(int32_t) * 10);
  int32_t* bin_len = malloc(sizeof(int32_t) * 10);
  int32_t* blob_len = malloc(sizeof(int32_t) * 10);
  int32_t* u8_len = malloc(sizeof(int32_t) * 10);
  int32_t* u16_len = malloc(sizeof(int32_t) * 10);
  int32_t* u32_len = malloc(sizeof(int32_t) * 10);
  int32_t* u64_len = malloc(sizeof(int32_t) * 10);
  TAOS_STMT*      stmt = taos_stmt_init(taos);
  TAOS_MULTI_BIND params[14];
  char            is_null[10] = {0};
  params[0].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_TIMESTAMP;
  params[0].buffer_length = sizeof(v.ts[0]);
  params[0].buffer = v.ts;
  params[0].length = t64_len;
  params[0].is_null = is_null;
  params[0].num = 10;
  params[1].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_BOOL;
  params[1].buffer_length = sizeof(v.b[0]);
  params[1].buffer = v.b;
  params[1].length = t8_len;
  params[1].is_null = is_null;
  params[1].num = 10;
  params[2].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_TINYINT;
  params[2].buffer_length = sizeof(v.v1[0]);
  params[2].buffer = v.v1;
  params[2].length = t8_len;
  params[2].is_null = is_null;
  params[2].num = 10;
  params[3].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_SMALLINT;
  params[3].buffer_length = sizeof(v.v2[0]);
  params[3].buffer = v.v2;
  params[3].length = t16_len;
  params[3].is_null = is_null;
  params[3].num = 10;
  params[4].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_INT;
  params[4].buffer_length = sizeof(v.v4[0]);
  params[4].buffer = v.v4;
  params[4].length = t32_len;
  params[4].is_null = is_null;
  params[4].num = 10;
  params[5].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_BIGINT;
  params[5].buffer_length = sizeof(v.v8[0]);
  params[5].buffer = v.v8;
  params[5].length = t64_len;
  params[5].is_null = is_null;
  params[5].num = 10;
  params[6].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_FLOAT;
  params[6].buffer_length = sizeof(v.f4[0]);
  params[6].buffer = v.f4;
  params[6].length = float_len;
  params[6].is_null = is_null;
  params[6].num = 10;
  params[7].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_DOUBLE;
  params[7].buffer_length = sizeof(v.f8[0]);
  params[7].buffer = v.f8;
  params[7].length = double_len;
  params[7].is_null = is_null;
  params[7].num = 10;
  params[8].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_BINARY;
  params[8].buffer_length = sizeof(v.bin[0]);
  params[8].buffer = v.bin;
  params[8].length = bin_len;
  params[8].is_null = is_null;
  params[8].num = 10;
  params[9].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_NCHAR;
  params[9].buffer_length = sizeof(v.blob[0]);
  params[9].buffer = v.blob;
  params[9].length = blob_len;
  params[9].is_null = is_null;
  params[9].num = 10;
  params[10].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_UTINYINT;
  params[10].buffer_length = sizeof(v.u1[0]);
  params[10].buffer = v.u1;
  params[10].length = u8_len;
  params[10].is_null = is_null;
  params[10].num = 10;
  params[11].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_USMALLINT;
  params[11].buffer_length = sizeof(v.u2[0]);
  params[11].buffer = v.u2;
  params[11].length = u16_len;
  params[11].is_null = is_null;
  params[11].num = 10;
  params[12].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_UINT;
  params[12].buffer_length = sizeof(v.u4[0]);
  params[12].buffer = v.u4;
  params[12].length = u32_len;
  params[12].is_null = is_null;
  params[12].num = 10;
  params[13].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_UBIGINT;
  params[13].buffer_length = sizeof(v.u8[0]);
  params[13].buffer = v.u8;
  params[13].length = u64_len;
  params[13].is_null = is_null;
  params[13].num = 10;
  sql = "insert into ? using st1 tags(?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?) values(?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?)";
  code = taos_stmt_prepare(stmt, sql, 0);
  if (code != 0) {
    printf("\033[31mfailed to execute taos_stmt_prepare. error:%s\033[0m\n", taos_stmt_errstr(stmt));
    taos_stmt_close(stmt);
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }
  code = taos_stmt_set_tbname_tags(stmt, "m1", tags);
  if (code != 0) {
    printf("\033[31mfailed to execute taos_stmt_set_tbname_tags. error:%s\033[0m\n", taos_stmt_errstr(stmt));
    taos_stmt_close(stmt);
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }
  int64_t ts = 1591060628000;
  for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
    v.ts[i] = ts++;
    is_null[i] = 0;
    v.b[i] = (int8_t)i % 2;
    v.v1[i] = (int8_t)i;
    v.v2[i] = (int16_t)(i * 2);
    v.v4[i] = (int32_t)(i * 4);
    v.v8[i] = (int64_t)(i * 8);
    v.f4[i] = (float)(i * 40);
    v.f8[i] = (double)(i * 80);
    for (int j = 0; j < sizeof(v.bin[0]); ++j) {
      v.bin[i][j] = (char)(i + '0');
    }
    strcpy(v.blob[i], "一二三四五六七八九十");
    v.u1[i] = (uint8_t)i;
    v.u2[i] = (uint16_t)(i * 2);
    v.u4[i] = (uint32_t)(i * 4);
    v.u8[i] = (uint64_t)(i * 8);
    t8_len[i] = sizeof(int8_t);
    t16_len[i] = sizeof(int16_t);
    t32_len[i] = sizeof(int32_t);
    t64_len[i] = sizeof(int64_t);
    float_len[i] = sizeof(float);
    double_len[i] = sizeof(double);
    bin_len[i] = sizeof(v.bin[0]);
    blob_len[i] = (int32_t)strlen(v.blob[i]);
    u8_len[i] = sizeof(uint8_t);
    u16_len[i] = sizeof(uint16_t);
    u32_len[i] = sizeof(uint32_t);
    u64_len[i] = sizeof(uint64_t);
  }
  taos_stmt_bind_param_batch(stmt, params);
  taos_stmt_add_batch(stmt);
  if (taos_stmt_execute(stmt) != 0) {
    printf("\033[31mfailed to execute insert statement.error:%s\033[0m\n", taos_stmt_errstr(stmt));
    taos_stmt_close(stmt);
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }
  int affectedRows = taos_stmt_affected_rows(stmt);
  printf("successfully inserted %d rows\n", affectedRows);
  taos_stmt_close(stmt);
  // query the records
  stmt = taos_stmt_init(taos);
  taos_stmt_prepare(stmt, "SELECT * FROM m1 WHERE v1 > ? AND v2 < ?", 0);
  TAOS_BIND qparams[2];
  int8_t  v1 = 5;
  int16_t v2 = 15;
  qparams[0].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_TINYINT;
  qparams[0].buffer_length = sizeof(v1);
  qparams[0].buffer = &v1;
  qparams[0].length = &qparams[0].buffer_length;
  qparams[0].is_null = NULL;
  qparams[1].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_SMALLINT;
  qparams[1].buffer_length = sizeof(v2);
  qparams[1].buffer = &v2;
  qparams[1].length = &qparams[1].buffer_length;
  qparams[1].is_null = NULL;
  taos_stmt_bind_param(stmt, qparams);
  if (taos_stmt_execute(stmt) != 0) {
    printf("\033[31mfailed to execute select statement.error:%s\033[0m\n", taos_stmt_errstr(stmt));
    taos_stmt_close(stmt);
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }
  result = taos_stmt_use_result(stmt);
  TAOS_ROW    row;
  int         rows = 0;
  int         num_fields = taos_num_fields(result);
  TAOS_FIELD* fields = taos_fetch_fields(result);
  // fetch the records row by row
  while ((row = taos_fetch_row(result))) {
    char temp[256] = {0};
    rows++;
    taos_print_row(temp, row, fields, num_fields);
    printf("%s\n", temp);
  }
  taos_free_result(result);
  taos_stmt_close(stmt);
  free(t8_len);
  free(t16_len);
  free(t32_len);
  free(t64_len);
  free(float_len);
  free(double_len);
  free(bin_len);
  free(blob_len);
  free(u8_len);
  free(u16_len);
  free(u32_len);
  free(u64_len);
}
/**
 * @brief Verify the upper/lower case of tableName for create(by setTableName)/query/show/describe/drop.
 *  https://jira.taosdata.com:18080/browse/TS-904
 *  https://jira.taosdata.com:18090/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=129140555
 * @param taos
 */
void verify_prepare4(TAOS* taos) {
  printf("Verify the upper/lower case of tableName for create(by setTableName)/query/show/describe/drop etc.\n");
  TAOS_RES* result = taos_query(taos, "drop database if exists test;");
  taos_free_result(result);
  usleep(100000);
  result = taos_query(taos, "create database test;");
  int code = taos_errno(result);
  if (code != 0) {
    printf("\033[31mfailed to create database, reason:%s\033[0m\n", taos_errstr(result));
    taos_free_result(result);
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }
  taos_free_result(result);
  usleep(100000);
  taos_select_db(taos, "test");
  // create table
  const char* sql =
      "create stable st1 (ts timestamp, b bool, v1 tinyint, v2 smallint, v4 int, v8 bigint, f4 float, f8 double, bin "
      "binary(40), blob nchar(10), u1 tinyint unsigned, u2 smallint unsigned, u4 int unsigned, u8 bigint unsigned) "
      "tags "
      "(b_tag bool, v1_tag tinyint, v2_tag smallint, v4_tag int, v8_tag bigint, f4_tag float, f8_tag double, bin_tag "
      "binary(40), blob_tag nchar(10), u1_tag tinyint unsigned, u2_tag smallint unsigned, u4_tag int unsigned, u8_tag "
      "bigint "
      "unsigned)";
  result = taos_query(taos, sql);
  code = taos_errno(result);
  if (code != 0) {
    printf("\033[31mfailed to create table, reason:%s\033[0m\n", taos_errstr(result));
    taos_free_result(result);
    exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
  }
  taos_free_result(result);
  TAOS_BIND tags[13];
  struct {
    int8_t   b;
    int8_t   v1;
    int16_t  v2;
    int32_t  v4;
    int64_t  v8;
    float    f4;
    double   f8;
    char     bin[40];
    char     blob[80];
    uint8_t  u1;
    uint16_t u2;
    uint32_t u4;
    uint64_t u8;
  } id = {0};
  id.b = (int8_t)1;
  id.v1 = (int8_t)1;
  id.v2 = (int16_t)2;
  id.v4 = (int32_t)4;
  id.v8 = (int64_t)8;
  id.f4 = (float)40;
  id.f8 = (double)80;
  for (int j = 0; j < sizeof(id.bin); ++j) {
    id.bin[j] = (char)('1' + '0');
  }
  strcpy(id.blob, "一二三四五六七八九十");
  id.u1 = (uint8_t)1;
  id.u2 = (uint16_t)2;
  id.u4 = (uint32_t)4;
  id.u8 = (uint64_t)8;
  tags[0].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_BOOL;
  tags[0].buffer_length = sizeof(id.b);
  tags[0].buffer = &id.b;
  tags[0].length = &tags[0].buffer_length;
  tags[0].is_null = NULL;
  tags[1].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_TINYINT;
  tags[1].buffer_length = sizeof(id.v1);
  tags[1].buffer = &id.v1;
  tags[1].length = &tags[1].buffer_length;
  tags[1].is_null = NULL;
  tags[2].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_SMALLINT;
  tags[2].buffer_length = sizeof(id.v2);
  tags[2].buffer = &id.v2;
  tags[2].length = &tags[2].buffer_length;
  tags[2].is_null = NULL;
  tags[3].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_INT;
  tags[3].buffer_length = sizeof(id.v4);
  tags[3].buffer = &id.v4;
  tags[3].length = &tags[3].buffer_length;
  tags[3].is_null = NULL;
  tags[4].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_BIGINT;
  tags[4].buffer_length = sizeof(id.v8);
  tags[4].buffer = &id.v8;
  tags[4].length = &tags[4].buffer_length;
  tags[4].is_null = NULL;
  tags[5].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_FLOAT;
  tags[5].buffer_length = sizeof(id.f4);
  tags[5].buffer = &id.f4;
  tags[5].length = &tags[5].buffer_length;
  tags[5].is_null = NULL;
  tags[6].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_DOUBLE;
  tags[6].buffer_length = sizeof(id.f8);
  tags[6].buffer = &id.f8;
  tags[6].length = &tags[6].buffer_length;
  tags[6].is_null = NULL;
  tags[7].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_BINARY;
  tags[7].buffer_length = sizeof(id.bin);
  tags[7].buffer = &id.bin;
  tags[7].length = &tags[7].buffer_length;
  tags[7].is_null = NULL;
  tags[8].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_NCHAR;
  tags[8].buffer_length = strlen(id.blob);
  tags[8].buffer = &id.blob;
  tags[8].length = &tags[8].buffer_length;
  tags[8].is_null = NULL;
  tags[9].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_UTINYINT;
  tags[9].buffer_length = sizeof(id.u1);
  tags[9].buffer = &id.u1;
  tags[9].length = &tags[9].buffer_length;
  tags[9].is_null = NULL;
  tags[10].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_USMALLINT;
  tags[10].buffer_length = sizeof(id.u2);
  tags[10].buffer = &id.u2;
  tags[10].length = &tags[10].buffer_length;
  tags[10].is_null = NULL;
  tags[11].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_UINT;
  tags[11].buffer_length = sizeof(id.u4);
  tags[11].buffer = &id.u4;
  tags[11].length = &tags[11].buffer_length;
  tags[11].is_null = NULL;
  tags[12].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_UBIGINT;
  tags[12].buffer_length = sizeof(id.u8);
  tags[12].buffer = &id.u8;
  tags[12].length = &tags[12].buffer_length;
  tags[12].is_null = NULL;
  // insert 10 records
  struct {
    int64_t  ts[10];
    int8_t   b[10];
    int8_t   v1[10];
    int16_t  v2[10];
    int32_t  v4[10];
    int64_t  v8[10];
    float    f4[10];
    double   f8[10];
    char     bin[10][40];
    char     blob[10][80];
    uint8_t  u1[10];
    uint16_t u2[10];
    uint32_t u4[10];
    uint64_t u8[10];
  } v;
  int32_t* t8_len = malloc(sizeof(int32_t) * 10);
  int32_t* t16_len = malloc(sizeof(int32_t) * 10);
  int32_t* t32_len = malloc(sizeof(int32_t) * 10);
  int32_t* t64_len = malloc(sizeof(int32_t) * 10);
  int32_t* float_len = malloc(sizeof(int32_t) * 10);
  int32_t* double_len = malloc(sizeof(int32_t) * 10);
  int32_t* bin_len = malloc(sizeof(int32_t) * 10);
  int32_t* blob_len = malloc(sizeof(int32_t) * 10);
  int32_t* u8_len = malloc(sizeof(int32_t) * 10);
  int32_t* u16_len = malloc(sizeof(int32_t) * 10);
  int32_t* u32_len = malloc(sizeof(int32_t) * 10);
  int32_t* u64_len = malloc(sizeof(int32_t) * 10);
  TAOS_MULTI_BIND params[14];
  char            is_null[10] = {0};
  params[0].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_TIMESTAMP;
  params[0].buffer_length = sizeof(v.ts[0]);
  params[0].buffer = v.ts;
  params[0].length = t64_len;
  params[0].is_null = is_null;
  params[0].num = 10;
  params[1].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_BOOL;
  params[1].buffer_length = sizeof(v.b[0]);
  params[1].buffer = v.b;
  params[1].length = t8_len;
  params[1].is_null = is_null;
  params[1].num = 10;
  params[2].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_TINYINT;
  params[2].buffer_length = sizeof(v.v1[0]);
  params[2].buffer = v.v1;
  params[2].length = t8_len;
  params[2].is_null = is_null;
  params[2].num = 10;
  params[3].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_SMALLINT;
  params[3].buffer_length = sizeof(v.v2[0]);
  params[3].buffer = v.v2;
  params[3].length = t16_len;
  params[3].is_null = is_null;
  params[3].num = 10;
  params[4].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_INT;
  params[4].buffer_length = sizeof(v.v4[0]);
  params[4].buffer = v.v4;
  params[4].length = t32_len;
  params[4].is_null = is_null;
  params[4].num = 10;
  params[5].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_BIGINT;
  params[5].buffer_length = sizeof(v.v8[0]);
  params[5].buffer = v.v8;
  params[5].length = t64_len;
  params[5].is_null = is_null;
  params[5].num = 10;
  params[6].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_FLOAT;
  params[6].buffer_length = sizeof(v.f4[0]);
  params[6].buffer = v.f4;
  params[6].length = float_len;
  params[6].is_null = is_null;
  params[6].num = 10;
  params[7].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_DOUBLE;
  params[7].buffer_length = sizeof(v.f8[0]);
  params[7].buffer = v.f8;
  params[7].length = double_len;
  params[7].is_null = is_null;
  params[7].num = 10;
  params[8].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_BINARY;
  params[8].buffer_length = sizeof(v.bin[0]);
  params[8].buffer = v.bin;
  params[8].length = bin_len;
  params[8].is_null = is_null;
  params[8].num = 10;
  params[9].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_NCHAR;
  params[9].buffer_length = sizeof(v.blob[0]);
  params[9].buffer = v.blob;
  params[9].length = blob_len;
  params[9].is_null = is_null;
  params[9].num = 10;
  params[10].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_UTINYINT;
  params[10].buffer_length = sizeof(v.u1[0]);
  params[10].buffer = v.u1;
  params[10].length = u8_len;
  params[10].is_null = is_null;
  params[10].num = 10;
  params[11].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_USMALLINT;
  params[11].buffer_length = sizeof(v.u2[0]);
  params[11].buffer = v.u2;
  params[11].length = u16_len;
  params[11].is_null = is_null;
  params[11].num = 10;
  params[12].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_UINT;
  params[12].buffer_length = sizeof(v.u4[0]);
  params[12].buffer = v.u4;
  params[12].length = u32_len;
  params[12].is_null = is_null;
  params[12].num = 10;
  params[13].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_UBIGINT;
  params[13].buffer_length = sizeof(v.u8[0]);
  params[13].buffer = v.u8;
  params[13].length = u64_len;
  params[13].is_null = is_null;
  params[13].num = 10;
// verify table names for upper/lower case
#define VERIFY_CNT 5
  typedef struct {
    char setTbName[20];
    char showName[20];
    char describeName[20];
    char queryName[20];
    char dropName[20];
  } STbNames;
  /**
   * @brief
   *  0       - success expected
   *  NonZero - fail expected
   */
  typedef struct {
    int32_t setTbName;
    int32_t showName;
    int32_t describeName;
    int32_t queryName;
    int32_t dropName;
  } STbNamesResult;
  STbNames       tbName[VERIFY_CNT] = {0};
  STbNamesResult tbNameResult[VERIFY_CNT] = {0};
  STbNames*       pTbName = NULL;
  STbNamesResult* pTbNameResult = NULL;
  pTbName = &tbName[0];
  pTbNameResult = &tbNameResult[0];
  strcpy(pTbName->setTbName, "Mn1");
  strcpy(pTbName->showName, "mn1");
  strcpy(pTbName->describeName, "mn1");
  strcpy(pTbName->queryName, "mn1");
  strcpy(pTbName->dropName, "mn1");
  pTbName = &tbName[1];
  pTbNameResult = &tbNameResult[1];
  strcpy(pTbName->setTbName, "'Mn1'");
  strcpy(pTbName->showName, "'mn1'");
  strcpy(pTbName->describeName, "'mn1'");
  strcpy(pTbName->queryName, "'mn1'");
  strcpy(pTbName->dropName, "'mn1'");
  pTbName = &tbName[2];
  pTbNameResult = &tbNameResult[2];
  strcpy(pTbName->setTbName, "\"Mn1\"");
  strcpy(pTbName->showName, "\"mn1\"");
  strcpy(pTbName->describeName, "\"mn1\"");
  strcpy(pTbName->queryName, "\"mn1\"");
  strcpy(pTbName->dropName, "\"mn1\"");
  pTbName = &tbName[3];
  pTbNameResult = &tbNameResult[3];
  strcpy(pTbName->setTbName, "\"Mn1\"");
  strcpy(pTbName->showName, "'mn1'");
  strcpy(pTbName->describeName, "'mn1'");
  strcpy(pTbName->queryName, "mn1");
  strcpy(pTbName->dropName, "\"mn1\"");
  pTbName = &tbName[4];
  pTbNameResult = &tbNameResult[4];
  strcpy(pTbName->setTbName, "`Mn1`");
  strcpy(pTbName->showName, "Mn1");  // TODO support uniform of ``
  strcpy(pTbName->describeName, "`Mn1`");
  strcpy(pTbName->queryName, "`Mn1`");
  strcpy(pTbName->dropName, "`Mn1`");
  TAOS_STMT* stmt = NULL;
  for (int n = 0; n < VERIFY_CNT; ++n) {
    printf("\033[31m[%d] ===================================\033[0m\n", n);
    pTbName = &tbName[n];
    pTbNameResult = &tbNameResult[n];
    char tmpStr[256] = {0};
    // set table name
    stmt = taos_stmt_init(taos);
    if (!stmt) {
      printf("\033[31m[%d] failed to execute taos_stmt_init. error:%s\033[0m\n", n);
      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    sql = "insert into ? using st1 tags(?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?) values(?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?,?)";
    code = taos_stmt_prepare(stmt, sql, 0);
    if (code != 0) {
      printf("\033[31mfailed to execute taos_stmt_prepare. error:%s\033[0m\n", taos_stmt_errstr(stmt));
      taos_stmt_close(stmt);
      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    printf("[%d] taos_stmt_set_tbname_tags, tbname=%s\n", n, pTbName->setTbName);
    code = taos_stmt_set_tbname_tags(stmt, pTbName->setTbName, tags);
    if ((!pTbNameResult->setTbName && (0 != code)) || (pTbNameResult->setTbName && (0 == code))) {
      printf("\033[31m[%d] failed to execute taos_stmt_set_tbname_tags. error:%s\033[0m\n", n, taos_stmt_errstr(stmt));
      taos_stmt_close(stmt);
      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    if (code == 0) {
      int64_t ts = 1591060628000 + 1000 * n;
      for (int i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
        v.ts[i] = ts++;
        is_null[i] = 0;
        v.b[i] = (int8_t)i % 2;
        v.v1[i] = (int8_t)i;
        v.v2[i] = (int16_t)(i * 2);
        v.v4[i] = (int32_t)(i * 4);
        v.v8[i] = (int64_t)(i * 8);
        v.f4[i] = (float)(i * 40);
        v.f8[i] = (double)(i * 80);
        for (int j = 0; j < sizeof(v.bin[0]); ++j) {
          v.bin[i][j] = (char)(i + '0');
        }
        strcpy(v.blob[i], "一二三四五六七八九十");
        v.u1[i] = (uint8_t)i;
        v.u2[i] = (uint16_t)(i * 2);
        v.u4[i] = (uint32_t)(i * 4);
        v.u8[i] = (uint64_t)(i * 8);
        t8_len[i] = sizeof(int8_t);
        t16_len[i] = sizeof(int16_t);
        t32_len[i] = sizeof(int32_t);
        t64_len[i] = sizeof(int64_t);
        float_len[i] = sizeof(float);
        double_len[i] = sizeof(double);
        bin_len[i] = sizeof(v.bin[0]);
        blob_len[i] = (int32_t)strlen(v.blob[i]);
        u8_len[i] = sizeof(uint8_t);
        u16_len[i] = sizeof(uint16_t);
        u32_len[i] = sizeof(uint32_t);
        u64_len[i] = sizeof(uint64_t);
      }
      taos_stmt_bind_param_batch(stmt, params);
      taos_stmt_add_batch(stmt);
      if (taos_stmt_execute(stmt) != 0) {
        printf("\033[31m[%d] failed to execute insert statement.error:%s\033[0m\n", n, taos_stmt_errstr(stmt));
        taos_stmt_close(stmt);
        exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
      }
    }
    taos_stmt_close(stmt);
    // show the table
    printf("[%d] show tables, tbName = %s\n", n, pTbName->showName);
    stmt = taos_stmt_init(taos);
    sprintf(tmpStr, "show tables like %s", pTbName->showName);
    taos_stmt_prepare(stmt, tmpStr, 0);
    code = taos_stmt_execute(stmt);
    if ((!pTbNameResult->showName && (0 != code)) || (pTbNameResult->showName && (0 == code))) {
      printf("\033[31m[%d] failed to execute show tables like. error:%s\033[0m\n", n, taos_stmt_errstr(stmt));
      taos_stmt_close(stmt);
      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    taos_stmt_close(stmt);
    // describe the table
    printf("[%d] describe tables, tbName = %s\n", n, pTbName->describeName);
    stmt = taos_stmt_init(taos);
    sprintf(tmpStr, "describe %s", pTbName->describeName);
    taos_stmt_prepare(stmt, tmpStr, 0);
    code = taos_stmt_execute(stmt);
    if ((!pTbNameResult->describeName && (0 != code)) || (pTbNameResult->describeName && (0 == code))) {
      printf("\033[31m[%d] failed to execute describe tables. error:%s\033[0m\n", n, taos_stmt_errstr(stmt));
      taos_stmt_close(stmt);
      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    taos_stmt_close(stmt);
    // query the records
    printf("[%d] select statement, tbName = %s\n", n, pTbName->queryName);
    stmt = taos_stmt_init(taos);
    sprintf(tmpStr, "SELECT * FROM %s", pTbName->queryName);
    taos_stmt_prepare(stmt, tmpStr, 0);
    TAOS_BIND qparams[2];
    int8_t  v1 = 5;
    int16_t v2 = 15;
    qparams[0].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_TINYINT;
    qparams[0].buffer_length = sizeof(v1);
    qparams[0].buffer = &v1;
    qparams[0].length = &qparams[0].buffer_length;
    qparams[0].is_null = NULL;
    qparams[1].buffer_type = TSDB_DATA_TYPE_SMALLINT;
    qparams[1].buffer_length = sizeof(v2);
    qparams[1].buffer = &v2;
    qparams[1].length = &qparams[1].buffer_length;
    qparams[1].is_null = NULL;
    taos_stmt_bind_param(stmt, qparams);
    code = taos_stmt_execute(stmt);
    if ((!pTbNameResult->queryName && (0 != code)) || (pTbNameResult->queryName && (0 == code))) {
      printf("\033[31m[%d] failed to execute select statement.error:%s\033[0m\n", n, taos_stmt_errstr(stmt));
      taos_stmt_close(stmt);
      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    result = taos_stmt_use_result(stmt);
    TAOS_ROW    row;
    int         rows = 0;
    int         num_fields = taos_num_fields(result);
    TAOS_FIELD* fields = taos_fetch_fields(result);
    // fetch the records row by row
    while ((row = taos_fetch_row(result))) {
      char temp[256] = {0};
      rows++;
      taos_print_row(temp, row, fields, num_fields);
      printf("[%d] row = %s\n", n, temp);
    }
    taos_free_result(result);
    taos_stmt_close(stmt);
    // drop table
    printf("[%d] drop table, tbName = %s\n", n, pTbName->dropName);
    stmt = taos_stmt_init(taos);
    sprintf(tmpStr, "drop table %s", pTbName->dropName);
    taos_stmt_prepare(stmt, tmpStr, 0);
    code = taos_stmt_execute(stmt);
    if ((!pTbNameResult->dropName && (0 != code)) || (pTbNameResult->dropName && (0 == code))) {
      printf("\033[31m[%d] failed to drop table. error:%s\033[0m\n", n, taos_stmt_errstr(stmt));
      taos_stmt_close(stmt);
      exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    }
    taos_stmt_close(stmt);
  }
  free(t8_len);
  free(t16_len);
  free(t32_len);
  free(t64_len);
  free(float_len);
  free(double_len);
  free(bin_len);
  free(blob_len);
  free(u8_len);
  free(u16_len);
  free(u32_len);
  free(u64_len);
}
int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
  const char* host = "127.0.0.1";
  const char* user = "root";
  const char* passwd = "taosdata";
  taos_options(TSDB_OPTION_TIMEZONE, "GMT-8");
  TAOS* taos = taos_connect(host, user, passwd, "", 0);
  if (taos == NULL) {
    printf("\033[31mfailed to connect to db, reason:%s\033[0m\n", taos_errstr(taos));
    exit(1);
  }
  char* info = taos_get_server_info(taos);
  printf("server info: %s\n", info);
  info = taos_get_client_info(taos);
  printf("client info: %s\n", info);
  printf("************  verify prepare  *************\n");
  verify_prepare(taos);
  printf("************  verify prepare2  *************\n");
  verify_prepare2(taos);
  printf("************  verify prepare3  *************\n");
  verify_prepare3(taos);
  printf("************  verify prepare4  *************\n");
  verify_prepare4(taos);
  printf("************  verify end  *************\n");
  exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);
}