基于规则的查询改写方式主要包括子查询相关改写、外联接消除、 简化条件改写和 非 SPJ(SELECT PROJECT JOIN)的改写等。
子查询相关改写
优化器对于子查询一般使用嵌套执行的方式,也就是父查询每生成一行数据后,都需要执行一次子查询。使用这种方式需要多次执行子查询,执行效率很低。对于子查询的优化方式,一般会将其改写为联接操作,可大大提高执行效率,主要优点如下:
可避免子查询多次执行。
优化器可根据统计信息选择更优的联接顺序和联接方法。
子查询的联接条件、过滤条件改写为父查询的条件后,优化器可以进行进一步优化,比如条件下压等。
子查询改写的方式主要包括视图合并、子查询展开和将 ANY/ALL 使用 MAX/MIN 改写等。
视图合并
视图合并是指将代表一个视图的子查询合并到包含该视图的查询中,视图合并后,有助于优化器增加联接顺序的选择、访问路径的选择以及进一步做其他改写操作,从而选择更优的执行计划。
OceanBase 数据库支持对 SPJ 视图进行合并。如下示例为 Q1 改写为 Q2:
obclient>CREATE TABLE t1 (c1 INT, c2 INT);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
obclient>CREATE TABLE t2 (c1 INT PRIMARY KEY, c2 INT);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
obclient>CREATE TABLE t3 (c1 INT PRIMARY KEY, c2 INT);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Q1:
obclient>SELECT t1.c1, v.c1
FROM t1, (SELECT t2.c1, t3.c2
FROM t2, t3
WHERE t2.c1 = t3.c1) v
WHERE t1.c2 = v.c2;
<==>
Q2:
obclient>SELECT t1.c1, t2.c1
FROM t1, t2, t3
WHERE t2.c1 = t3.c1 AND t1.c2 = t3.c2;
如果 Q1 不进行改写,则其联接顺序有以下几种:
t1, v(t2,t3)
t1, v(t3,t2)
v(t2,t3), t1
v(t3,t2), t1
进行视图合并改写后,可选择的联接顺序有:
t1, t2, t3
t1, t3, t2
t2, t1, t3
t2, t3, t1
t3, t1, t2
t3, t2, t1
可以看出,进行视图合并后,联接顺序可选择空间增加。对于复杂查询,视图合并后,对路径的选择和可改写的空间均会增大,从而使得优化器可生成更优的计划。
子查询展开
子查询展开是指将 WHERE 条件中子查询提升到父查询中,并作为联接条件与父查询并列进行展开。转换后子查询将不存在,外层父查询中会变成多表联接。
这样改写的好处是优化器在进行路径选择、联接方法和联接排序时都会考虑到子查询中的表,从而可以获得更优的执行计划。涉及的子查询表达式一般有 NOT IN、IN、NOT EXIST、EXIST、ANY、ALL。
子查询展开的方式如下:
改写条件使生成的联接语句能够返回与原始语句相同的行。
展开为半联接(SEMI JOIN / ANTI JOIN)
如下例所示,t2.c2 不具有唯一性,改为 SEMI JOIN,该语句改写后执行计划为:
obclient>CREATE TABLE t1 (c1 INT, c2 INT);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.17 sec)
obclient>CREATE TABLE t2 (c1 INT PRIMARY KEY, c2 INT);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
obclient>EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE t1.c1 IN (SELECT t2.c2 FROM t2)\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Query Plan:
=======================================
|ID|OPERATOR |NAME|EST. ROWS|COST|
---------------------------------------
|0 |HASH SEMI JOIN| |495 |3931|
|1 | TABLE SCAN |t1 |1000 |499 |
|2 | TABLE SCAN |t2 |1000 |433 |
=======================================
Outputs & filters:
-------------------------------------
0 - output([t1.c1], [t1.c2]), filter(nil),
equal_conds([t1.c1 = t2.c2]), other_conds(nil)
1 - output([t1.c1], [t1.c2]), filter(nil),
access([t1.c1], [t1.c2]), partitions(p0)
2 - output([t2.c2]), filter(nil),
access([t2.c2]), partitions(p0)
将查询前面操作符改为 NOT IN 后,可改写为 ANTI JOIN,具体计划如下例所示:
obclient>EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE t1.c1 NOT IN (SELECT t2.c2 FROM t2)\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Query Plan:
================================================
|ID|OPERATOR |NAME|EST. ROWS|COST |
------------------------------------------------
|0 |NESTED-LOOP ANTI JOIN| |0 |520245|
|1 | TABLE SCAN |t1 |1000 |499 |
|2 | TABLE SCAN |t2 |22 |517 |
================================================
Outputs & filters:
-------------------------------------
0 - output([t1.c1], [t1.c2]), filter(nil),
conds(nil), nl_params_([t1.c1], [(T_OP_IS, t1.c1, NULL, 0)])
1 - output([t1.c1], [t1.c2], [(T_OP_IS, t1.c1, NULL, 0)]), filter(nil),
access([t1.c1], [t1.c2]), partitions(p0)
2 - output([t2.c2]), filter([(T_OP_OR, ? = t2.c2, ?, (T_OP_IS, t2.c2, NULL, 0))]),
access([t2.c2]), partitions(p0)
子查询展开为内联接
上面示例的 Q1 中如果将 t2.c2 改为 t2.c1,由于 t2.c1 为主键,子查询输出具有唯一性,此时可以直接转换为内联接,如下例所示:
Q1:
obclient>SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE t1.c1 IN (SELECT t2.c1 FROM t2)\G;
<==>
Q2:
obclient>SELECT t1.* FROM t1, t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c1;
Q1 改写后的计划如下例所示:
obclient>EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE t1.c1 IN (SELECT t2.c1 FROM t2)\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Query Plan:
====================================
|ID|OPERATOR |NAME|EST. ROWS|COST|
------------------------------------
|0 |HASH JOIN | |1980 |3725|
|1 | TABLE SCAN|t2 |1000 |411 |
|2 | TABLE SCAN|t1 |1000 |499 |
====================================
Outputs & filters:
-------------------------------------
0 - output([t1.c1], [t1.c2]), filter(nil),
equal_conds([t1.c1 = t2.c1]), other_conds(nil)
1 - output([t2.c1]), filter(nil),
access([t2.c1]), partitions(p0)
2 - output([t1.c1], [t1.c2]), filter(nil),
access([t1.c1], [t1.c2]), partitions(p0)
对于 NOT IN、IN、NOT EXIST、EXIST、ANY、ALL 子查询表达式都可以对应做类似的改写操作。
ANY/ALL 使用 MAX/MIN 改写
对于 ANY/ALL 的子查询,如果子查询中没有 GROUP BY 子句、聚集函数以及 HAVING 时,以下表达式可以使用聚集函数 MIN/MAX 进行等价转换,其中 col_item
为单独列且有非 NULL 属性:
val > ALL(SELECT col_item ...) <==> val > ALL(SELECT MAX(col_item) ...);
val >= ALL(SELECT col_item ...) <==> val >= ALL(SELECT MAX(col_item) ...);
val < ALL(SELECT col_item ...) <==> val < ALL(SELECT MIN(col_item) ...);
val <= ALL(SELECT col_item ...) <==> val <= ALL(SELECT MIN(col_item) ...);
val > ANY(SELECT col_item ...) <==> val > ANY(SELECT MIN(col_item) ...);
val >= ANY(SELECT col_item ...) <==> val >= ANY(SELECT MIN(col_item) ...);
val < ANY(SELECT col_item ...) <==> val < ANY(SELECT MAX(col_item) ...);
val <= ANY(SELECT col_item ...) <==> val <= ANY(SELECT MAX(col_item) ...);
将子查询更改为含有 MAX/MIN 的子查询后,再结合使用 MAX/MIN 的改写,可减少改写前对内表的多次扫描,如下例所示:
obclient>SELECT c1 FROM t1 WHERE c1 > ANY(SELECT c1 FROM t2);
<==>
obclient>SELECT c1 FROM t1 WHERE c1 > ANY(SELECT MIN(c1) FROM t2);
结合 MAX/MIN 的改写后,可利用 t2.c1 的主键序将 LIMIT 1 直接下压到 TABLE SCAN,将 MIN 值输出,执行计划如下:
obclient>EXPLAIN SELECT c1 FROM t1 WHERE c1 > ANY(SELECT c1 FROM t2)\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Query Plan:
===================================================
|ID|OPERATOR |NAME |EST. ROWS|COST|
---------------------------------------------------
|0 |SUBPLAN FILTER | |1 |73 |
|1 | TABLE SCAN |t1 |1 |37 |
|2 | SCALAR GROUP BY| |1 |37 |
|3 | SUBPLAN SCAN |subquery_table|1 |37 |
|4 | TABLE SCAN |t2 |1 |36 |
===================================================
Outputs & filters:
-------------------------------------
0 - output([t1.c1]), filter([t1.c1 > ANY(subquery(1))]),
exec_params_(nil), onetime_exprs_(nil), init_plan_idxs_([1])
1 - output([t1.c1]), filter(nil),
access([t1.c1]), partitions(p0)
2 - output([T_FUN_MIN(subquery_table.c1)]), filter(nil),
group(nil), agg_func([T_FUN_MIN(subquery_table.c1)])
3 - output([subquery_table.c1]), filter(nil),
access([subquery_table.c1])
4 - output([t2.c1]), filter(nil),
access([t2.c1]), partitions(p0),
limit(1), offset(nil)
外联接消除
外联接操作可分为左外联接、右外联接和全外联接。在联接过程中,由于外联接左右顺序不能变换,优化器对联接顺序的选择会受到限制。外联接消除是指将外联接转换成内联接,从而可以提供更多可选择的联接路径,供优化器考虑。
如果进行外联接消除,需要存在“空值拒绝条件”,即在 WHERE 条件中存在,当内表生成的值为 NULL 时,输出为 FALSE 的条件。
如下例所示:
obclient>SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM t1 LEFT JOIN t2 ON t1.c2 = t2.c2;
这是一个外联接,在其输出行中 t2.c2 可能为 NULL。如果加上一个条件 t2.c2 > 5
,则通过该条件过滤后,t2.c1 输出不可能为 NULL, 从而可以将外联接转换为内联接。
obclient>SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM t1 LEFT JOIN t2 ON t1.c2 = t2.c2 WHERE t2.c2 > 5;
<==>
obclient>SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM t1 LEFT INNER JOIN t2 ON t1.c2 = t2.c2
WHERE t2.c2 > 5;
简化条件改写
HAVING 条件消除
如果查询中没有聚集操作及 GROUP BY,则 HAVING 可以合并到 WHERE 条件中,并将 HAVING 条件删除, 从而可以将 HAVING 条件在 WHERE 条件中统一管理,并进行进一步相关优化。
obclient>SELECT * FROM t1, t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c1 HAVING t1.c2 > 1;
<==>
obclient>SELECT * FROM t1, t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c1 AND t1.c2 > 1;
改写后计划如下例所示, t1.c2 > 1
条件被下压到了 TABLE SCAN 层。
obclient>EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM t1, t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c1 HAVING t1.c2 > 1\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Query Plan:
=========================================
|ID|OPERATOR |NAME|EST. ROWS|COST|
-----------------------------------------
|0 |NESTED-LOOP JOIN| |1 |59 |
|1 | TABLE SCAN |t1 |1 |37 |
|2 | TABLE GET |t2 |1 |36 |
=========================================
Outputs & filters:
-------------------------------------
0 - output([t1.c1], [t1.c2], [t2.c1], [t2.c2]), filter(nil),
conds(nil), nl_params_([t1.c1])
1 - output([t1.c1], [t1.c2]), filter([t1.c2 > 1]),
access([t1.c1], [t1.c2]), partitions(p0)
2 - output([t2.c1], [t2.c2]), filter(nil),
access([t2.c1], [t2.c2]), partitions(p0)
等价关系推导
等价关系推导是指利用比较操作符的传递性,推倒出新的条件表达式,从而减少需要处理的行数或者选择到更有效的索引。
OceanBase 数据库可对等值联接进行推导,比如 a = b AND a > 1
可以推导出 a = b AND a > 1 AND b > 1
, 如果 b 上有索引,且 b > 1
在该索引选择率很低,则可以大大提升访问 b 列所在表的性能。
如下例所示,条件 t1.c1 = t2.c2 AND t1.c1 > 2
,等价推导后为 t1.c1 = t2.c2 AND t1.c1 > 2 AND t2.c2 > 2
,从计划中可以看到 t2.c2 已下压到 TABLE SCAN,并且使用 t2.c2 对应的索引。
obclient>CREATE TABLE t1(c1 INT PRIMARY KEY, c2 INT);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.15 sec)
obclient>CREATE TABLE t2(c1 INT PRIMARY KEY, c2 INT, c3 INT, KEY IDX_c2(c2));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.10 sec)
/*此命令需运行于 MySQL 模式下*/
obclient>EXPLAIN EXTENDED_NOADDR SELECT t1.c1, t2.c2 FROM t1, t2
WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c2 AND t1.c1 > 2\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Query Plan:
==========================================
|ID|OPERATOR |NAME |EST. ROWS|COST|
------------------------------------------
|0 |MERGE JOIN | |5 |78 |
|1 | TABLE SCAN|t2(IDX_c2)|5 |37 |
|2 | TABLE SCAN|t1 |3 |37 |
==========================================
Outputs & filters:
-------------------------------------
0 - output([t1.c1], [t2.c2]), filter(nil),
equal_conds([t1.c1 = t2.c2]), other_conds(nil)
1 - output([t2.c2]), filter(nil),
access([t2.c2]), partitions(p0),
is_index_back=false,
range_key([t2.c2], [t2.c1]), range(2,MAX ; MAX,MAX),
range_cond([t2.c2 > 2])
2 - output([t1.c1]), filter(nil),
access([t1.c1]), partitions(p0),
is_index_back=false,
range_key([t1.c1]), range(2 ; MAX),
range_cond([t1.c1 > 2])
恒真/假消除
对于如下恒真恒假条件可以进行消除:
false and expr = 恒 false
true or expr = 恒 true
如下例所示,对于 WHERE 0 > 1 AND c1 = 3
,由于 0 > 1
使得 AND 恒假, 所以该 SQL 不用执行,可直接返回,从而加快查询的执行。
obclient>EXPLAIN EXTENDED_NOADDR SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE 0 > 1 AND c1 = 3\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Query Plan:
===================================
|ID|OPERATOR |NAME|EST. ROWS|COST|
-----------------------------------
|0 |TABLE SCAN|t1 |0 |38 |
===================================
Outputs & filters:
-------------------------------------
0 - output([t1.c1], [t1.c2]), filter([0], [t1.c1 = 3]), startup_filter([0]),
access([t1.c1], [t1.c2]), partitions(p0),
is_index_back=false, filter_before_indexback[false,false],
range_key([t1.__pk_increment], [t1.__pk_cluster_id], [t1.__pk_partition_id]),
range(MAX,MAX,MAX ; MIN,MIN,MIN)always false
非 SPJ 的改写
冗余排序消除
冗余排序消除是指删除 order item 中不需要的项,减少排序开销。以下三种情况可进行排序消除:
ORDER BY 表达式列表中有重复列,可进行去重后排序。
obclient>SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE c2 = 5 ORDER BY c1, c1, c2, c3 ;
<==>
obclient>SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE c2 = 5 ORDER BY c1, c2, c3;
ORDER BY 列中存在 where 中有单值条件的列,该列排序可删除。
obclient>SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE c2 = 5 ORDER BY c1, c2, c3;
<==>
obclient>SELECT * FROM t1 WHERE c2 = 5 ORDER BY c1, c3;
如果本层查询有 ORDER BY 但是没有 LIMIT,且本层查询位于父查询的集合操作中,则 ORDER BY 可消除。因为对两个有序的集合做 UNION 操作,其结果是乱序的。但是如果 ORDER BY 中有 LIMIT,则语义是取最大/最小的 N 个,此时不能消除 ORDER BY,否则有语义错误。
obclient>(SELECT c1,c2 FROM t1 ORDER BY c1) UNION (SELECT c3,c4 FROM t2 ORDER BY c3);
<==>
obclient>(SELECT c1,c2 FROM t1) UNION (SELECT c3,c4 FROM t2);
LIMIT 下压
LIMIT 下压改写是指将 LIMIT 下降到子查询中,OceanBase 数据库现在支持在不改变语义的情况下,将 LIMIT 下压到视图(示例 1)及 UNION 对应子查询(示例 2)中。
示例 1:
obclient>SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM t1 ORDER BY c1) a LIMIT 1;
<==>
obclient>SELECT * FROM (SELECT * FROM t1 ORDER BY c1 LIMIT 1) a LIMIT 1;
示例 2:
obclient>(SELECT c1,c2 FROM t1) UNION ALL (SELECT c3,c4 FROM t2) LIMIT 5;
<==>
obclient>(SELECT c1,c2 FROM t1 LIMIT 5) UNION ALL (SELECT c3,c4 FROM t2 limit 5) LIMIT 5;
DISTINCT 消除
如果 select item 中只包含常量,则可以消除 DISTINCT,并加上 LIMIT 1。
obclient>SELECT DISTINCT 1,2 FROM t1 ;
<==>
obclient>SELECT DISTINCT 1,2 FROM t1 LIMIT 1;
obclient>CREATE TABLE t1 (c1 INT PRIMARY KEY, c2 INT);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.17 sec)
obclient>EXPLAIN EXTENDED_NOADDR SELECT DISTINCT 1,2 FROM t1\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Query Plan:
===================================
|ID|OPERATOR |NAME|EST. ROWS|COST|
-----------------------------------
|0 |TABLE SCAN|t1 |1 |36 |
===================================
Outputs & filters:
-------------------------------------
0 - output([1], [2]), filter(nil),
access([t1.c1]), partitions(p0),
limit(1), offset(nil),
is_index_back=false,
range_key([t1.c1]), range(MIN ; MAX)always true
如果 select item 中包含确保唯一性约束的列,则 DISTINCT 能够消除,如下示例中 (c1, c2)为主键,可确保 c1、c2 和 c3 唯一性, 从而 DISTINCT 可消除。
obclient>CREATE TABLE t2(c1 INT, c2 INT, c3 INT, PRIMARY KEY(c1, c2));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.17 sec)
obclient>SELECT DISTINCT c1, c2, c3 FROM t2;
<==>
obclient>SELECT c1, c2 c3 FROM t2;
obclient>EXPLAIN SELECT DISTINCT c1, c2, c3 FROM t2\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Query Plan:
===================================
|ID|OPERATOR |NAME|EST. ROWS|COST|
-----------------------------------
|0 |TABLE SCAN|t2 |1000 |455 |
===================================
Outputs & filters:
-------------------------------------
0 - output([t2.c1], [t2.c2], [t2.c3]), filter(nil),
access([t2.c1], [t2.c2], [t2.c3]), partitions(p0)
MIN/MAX 改写
当 MIN/MAX 函数中参数为索引前缀列,且不含 GROUP BY 时,可将该 scalar aggregate 转换为走索引扫描 1 行的情况,如下例所示:
obclient>CREATE TABLE t1 (c1 INT PRIMARY KEY, c2 INT, c3 INT, KEY IDX_c2_c3(c2,c3));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.17 sec)
obclient>SELECT MIN(c2) FROM t1;
<==>
obclient>SELECT MIN(c2) FROM (SELECT c2 FROM t2 ORDER BY c2 LIMIT 1) AS t;
obclient>EXPLAIN SELECT MIN(c2) FROM t1\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Query Plan:
==================================================
|ID|OPERATOR |NAME |EST. ROWS|COST|
--------------------------------------------------
|0 |SCALAR GROUP BY| |1 |37 |
|1 | SUBPLAN SCAN |subquery_table|1 |37 |
|2 | TABLE SCAN |t1(idx_c2_c3) |1 |36 |
==================================================
Outputs & filters:
-------------------------------------
0 - output([T_FUN_MIN(subquery_table.c2)]), filter(nil),
group(nil), agg_func([T_FUN_MIN(subquery_table.c2)])
1 - output([subquery_table.c2]), filter(nil),
access([subquery_table.c2])
2 - output([t1.c2]), filter([(T_OP_IS_NOT, t1.c2, NULL, 0)]),
access([t1.c2]), partitions(p0),
limit(1), offset(nil)
如果
SELECT MIN/MAX
的参数为常量,而且包含 GROUP BY,可以将 MIN/MAX 改为常量,从而减少 MIN/MAX 的计算开销。obclient>SELECT MAX(1) FROM t1 GROUP BY c1;
<==>
obclient>SELECT 1 FROM t1 GROUP BY c1;
obclient>EXPLAIN EXTENDED_NOADDR SELECT MAX(1) FROM t1 GROUP BY c1\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Query Plan:
===================================
|ID|OPERATOR |NAME|EST. ROWS|COST|
-----------------------------------
|0 |TABLE SCAN|t1 |1000 |411 |
===================================
Outputs & filters:
-------------------------------------
0 - output([1]), filter(nil),
access([t1.c1]), partitions(p0),
is_index_back=false,
range_key([t1.c1]), range(MIN ; MAX)always true
如果
SELECT MIN/MAX
的参数为常量,而且不含 GROUP BY,可以按照如下示例进行改写,从而走索引只需扫描 1 行。obclient>SELECT MAX(1) FROM t1;
<==>
obclient>SELECT MAX(t.a) FROM (SELECT 1 AS a FROM t1 LIMIT 1) t;
obclient>EXPLAIN EXTENDED_NOADDR SELECT MAX(1) FROM t1\G;
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Query Plan:
==================================================
|ID|OPERATOR |NAME |EST. ROWS|COST|
--------------------------------------------------
|0 |SCALAR GROUP BY| |1 |37 |
|1 | SUBPLAN SCAN |subquery_table|1 |37 |
|2 | TABLE SCAN |t1 |1 |36 |
==================================================
Outputs & filters:
-------------------------------------
0 - output([T_FUN_MAX(subquery_table.subquery_col_alias)]), filter(nil),
group(nil), agg_func([T_FUN_MAX(subquery_table.subquery_col_alias)])
1 - output([subquery_table.subquery_col_alias]), filter(nil),
access([subquery_table.subquery_col_alias])
2 - output([1]), filter(nil),
access([t1.c1]), partitions(p0),
limit(1), offset(nil),
is_index_back=false,
range_key([t1.c1]), range(MIN ; MAX)always true