使用通配符主机配置 Egress 流量
控制 Egress 流量任务和配置 Egress Gateway 示例讲述了如何为类似 edition.cnn.com
的特定主机名配置egress 流量。此示例演示了如何为一组处于公共域(如 *.wikipedia.org
)的主机启用 egress 流量,而非单独配置每个主机。
背景
假设您希望在 Istio 中为 wikipedia.org
网站的所有语言版本启用 egress 流量。每个特定语言版本的 wikipedia.org
都有自己的主机名,例如 en.wikipedia.org
和 de.wikipedia.org
分别对应英文和德文。您希望通过通用配置项对所有 wikipedia
网站启用 egress 流量,而无需单独配置每个语言的站点。
开始之前
如果您启用了自动 sidecar 注入,请运行
$ kubectl apply -f @samples/sleep/sleep.yaml@
否则,您需要在部署 sleep
应用之前手动注入 sidecar:
$ kubectl apply -f <(istioctl kube-inject -f @samples/sleep/sleep.yaml@)
请注意,任何您能够 exec
和 curl
的 pod 都可以作为示例。
- 创建一个 shell 变量来保存源 pod 的名称,以便将请求发送到外部服务。如果您使用 sleep 示例,请运行:
$ export SOURCE_POD=$(kubectl get pod -l app=sleep -o jsonpath={.items..metadata.name})
配置到通配符主机的直接流量
访问公共域中的一组主机的第一步(也是最简单的一步)是使用通配符主机配置一个简单的 ServiceEntry
,并从 sidecar 直接请求 service。当直接请求 service(意即不通过 egress gateway)时,通配符主机的配置和其余主机(例如全限定的)配置并没有什么不同,只是在公共域中有许多主机时会更方便。
- 为
*.wikipedia.org
定义一个ServiceEntry
和对应的VirtualSevice
:
$ kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: ServiceEntry
metadata:
name: wikipedia
spec:
hosts:
- "*.wikipedia.org"
ports:
- number: 443
name: tls
protocol: TLS
---
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
name: wikipedia
spec:
hosts:
- "*.wikipedia.org"
tls:
- match:
- port: 443
sni_hosts:
- "*.wikipedia.org"
route:
- destination:
host: "*.wikipedia.org"
port:
number: 443
EOF
$ kubectl exec -it $SOURCE_POD -c sleep -- sh -c 'curl -s https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page | grep -o "<title>.*</title>"; curl -s https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Hauptseite | grep -o "<title>.*</title>"'
<title>Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</title>
<title>Wikipedia – Die freie Enzyklopädie</title>
清理到通配符主机的直接流量
$ kubectl delete serviceentry wikipedia
$ kubectl delete virtualservice wikipedia
配置到通配符主机的 egress gateway
通过 egress gateway 访问通配符主机的配置取决于通配符域名集合和是否由单个公共主机提供。.wikipedia.org
的情况就是如此。所有特定语言的网站都由 wikipedia.org
服务器之一提供服务。您可以将流量路由到任意 .wikipedia.org
网站的 IP,包括 www.wikipedia.org
,然后它将设法为任意特定网站提供服务。
在通常情况下,单个托管服务器并没有提供一个通配符域下的所有域名,此时就需要一个更复杂的配置。
针对单个托管服务器的通配符配置
当所有通配符主机都由单个服务器提供服务时,基于 egress gateway 到一个通配符主机的配置和到任意主机的配置非常相似,除了一个例外:配置后的路由目的地址将与配置的主机(通配符)不同。它将使用域名集合的单一服务器主机进行配置。
- 为
*.wikipedia.org
创建一个 egressGateway
、一个 destination rule 和一 个 virtual service,以将流量定向到 egress gateway,并从 egress gateway 发送到外部 service。
$ kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: Gateway
metadata:
name: istio-egressgateway
spec:
selector:
istio: egressgateway
servers:
- port:
number: 443
name: tls
protocol: TLS
hosts:
- "*.wikipedia.org"
tls:
mode: PASSTHROUGH
---
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
name: egressgateway-for-wikipedia
spec:
host: istio-egressgateway.istio-system.svc.cluster.local
subsets:
- name: wikipedia
---
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
name: direct-wikipedia-through-egress-gateway
spec:
hosts:
- "*.wikipedia.org"
gateways:
- mesh
- istio-egressgateway
tls:
- match:
- gateways:
- mesh
port: 443
sni_hosts:
- "*.wikipedia.org"
route:
- destination:
host: istio-egressgateway.istio-system.svc.cluster.local
subset: wikipedia
port:
number: 443
weight: 100
- match:
- gateways:
- istio-egressgateway
port: 443
sni_hosts:
- "*.wikipedia.org"
route:
- destination:
host: www.wikipedia.org
port:
number: 443
weight: 100
EOF
- 为目的服务器创建一个
ServiceEntry
,即www.wikipedia.org
。
$ kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: ServiceEntry
metadata:
name: www-wikipedia
spec:
hosts:
- www.wikipedia.org
ports:
- number: 443
name: tls
protocol: TLS
resolution: DNS
EOF
$ kubectl exec -it $SOURCE_POD -c sleep -- sh -c 'curl -s https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page | grep -o "<title>.*</title>"; curl -s https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Hauptseite | grep -o "<title>.*</title>"'
<title>Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</title>
<title>Wikipedia – Die freie Enzyklopädie</title>
- 检查 egress gateway 代理的统计数据,找到对应于到
*.wikipedia.org
的请求的 counter。如果 Istio 部署在istio-system
namespace 中,打印 counter 的命令为:
$ kubectl exec -it $(kubectl get pod -l istio=egressgateway -n istio-system -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}') -c istio-proxy -n istio-system -- curl -s localhost:15000/stats | grep www.wikipedia.org.upstream_cx_total
cluster.outbound|443||www.wikipedia.org.upstream_cx_total: 2
清理单个托管服务器的通配符配置
$ kubectl delete serviceentry www-wikipedia
$ kubectl delete gateway istio-egressgateway
$ kubectl delete virtualservice direct-wikipedia-through-egress-gateway
$ kubectl delete destinationrule egressgateway-for-wikipedia
任意域名的通配符配置
上一节中的配置之所以有效,是因为所有 .wikipedia.org
网站都可以由任何一个 .wikipedia.org
服务器提供服务。然而并非总是如此。例如,您可能希望配置 egress 控制以访问更一般的通配符域名,如 .com
或者 .org
。
配置到任意通配符域名的流量为 Istio gateway 带来了挑战。 在上一节中,您将流量定向到 www.wikipedia.org
,并且在配置期间,您的 gateway知道此主机。但是,gateway 无法知道它收到请求的任意主机的 IP 地址。这是由于 Envoy 的限制,默认 Istioegress gateway 使用它作为代理。Envoy 将流量路由到预定义的主机、预定义的 IP 地址或请求的原始目标 IP 地址。在 gateway 的情况下,请求的原始目的 IP将会丢失,因为请求会首先路由到 egress gateway,故其目标 IP 地址为 gateway 的 IP 地址。
因此,基于 Envoy 的 Istio gateway 无法将流量路由到未预先配置的任意主机,也就无法对任意通配符域名执行流量控制。要为 HTTPS 和任何 TLS 启用此类流量控制,除了 Envoy 之外,还需要部署 SNI 转发代理。Envoy 会将发往通配符域名的请求路由到 SNI 转发代理,而 SNI 转发代理将转发请求到 SNI 值指定的目的地。
具有 SNI 代理的 egress gateway 和 Istio 体系结构的相关部分如下图所示:
以下部分介绍如何使用 SNI 代理重新部署 egress gateway,然后配置 Istio 通过 gateway 将 HTTPS 流量路由到任意通配符域名。
使用 SNI 代理配置 egress gateway
在本节中,您部署的 egress gateway 在标准的 Istio Envoy 代理之外,还会部署一个 SNI 代理。此示例使用 Nginx 作为 SNI代理,但是,任何能够根据任意的、非提前配置的 SNI 值路由流量的 SNI 代理都可以使用。SNI 代理将会监听 8443
端口,您也可以使用任何端口,但需与指定给egress Gateway
的和 VirtualServices
绑定的端口不同。SNI 代理会将流量转发到 443
端口。
- 为 Nginx SNI 代理创建一个配置文件。当需要时,您可能希望编辑该文件指定附加的 Nginx 配置。请注意,
server
的listen
指令指定端口8443
,其proxy_pass
指令使用ssl_preread_server_name
和443
端口及ssl_preread
为on
来启用SNI
读取。
$ cat <<EOF > ./sni-proxy.conf
user www-data;
events {
}
stream {
log_format log_stream '\$remote_addr [\$time_local] \$protocol [\$ssl_preread_server_name]'
'\$status \$bytes_sent \$bytes_received \$session_time';
access_log /var/log/nginx/access.log log_stream;
error_log /var/log/nginx/error.log;
# tcp forward proxy by SNI
server {
resolver 8.8.8.8 ipv6=off;
listen 127.0.0.1:8443;
proxy_pass \$ssl_preread_server_name:443;
ssl_preread on;
}
}
EOF
- 创建一个 Kubernetes ConfigMap 来保存Nginx SNI 的配置:
$ kubectl create configmap egress-sni-proxy-configmap -n istio-system --from-file=nginx.conf=./sni-proxy.conf
- 以下命令将生成
istio-egressgateway-with-sni-proxy.yaml
文件,您可以选择性编辑并部署。
$ cat <<EOF | helm template install/kubernetes/helm/istio/ --name istio-egressgateway-with-sni-proxy --namespace istio-system -x charts/gateways/templates/deployment.yaml -x charts/gateways/templates/service.yaml -x charts/gateways/templates/serviceaccount.yaml -x charts/gateways/templates/autoscale.yaml -x charts/gateways/templates/clusterrole.yaml -x charts/gateways/templates/clusterrolebindings.yaml --set global.istioNamespace=istio-system -f - > ./istio-egressgateway-with-sni-proxy.yaml
gateways:
enabled: true
istio-ingressgateway:
enabled: false
istio-egressgateway:
enabled: false
istio-egressgateway-with-sni-proxy:
enabled: true
labels:
app: istio-egressgateway-with-sni-proxy
istio: egressgateway-with-sni-proxy
replicaCount: 1
autoscaleMin: 1
autoscaleMax: 5
cpu:
targetAverageUtilization: 80
serviceAnnotations: {}
type: ClusterIP
ports:
- port: 443
name: https
secretVolumes:
- name: egressgateway-certs
secretName: istio-egressgateway-certs
mountPath: /etc/istio/egressgateway-certs
- name: egressgateway-ca-certs
secretName: istio-egressgateway-ca-certs
mountPath: /etc/istio/egressgateway-ca-certs
configVolumes:
- name: sni-proxy-config
configMapName: egress-sni-proxy-configmap
additionalContainers:
- name: sni-proxy
image: nginx
volumeMounts:
- name: sni-proxy-config
mountPath: /etc/nginx
readOnly: true
EOF
- 部署新的 egress gateway:
$ kubectl apply -f ./istio-egressgateway-with-sni-proxy.yaml
serviceaccount "istio-egressgateway-with-sni-proxy-service-account" created
clusterrole "istio-egressgateway-with-sni-proxy-istio-system" created
clusterrolebinding "istio-egressgateway-with-sni-proxy-istio-system" created
service "istio-egressgateway-with-sni-proxy" created
deployment "istio-egressgateway-with-sni-proxy" created
horizontalpodautoscaler "istio-egressgateway-with-sni-proxy" created
- 验证新的 egress gateway 工作正常。请注意,pod 包含两个容器(一个是 Envoy 代理,另一个是 SNI 代理)。
$ kubectl get pod -l istio=egressgateway-with-sni-proxy -n istio-system
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
istio-egressgateway-with-sni-proxy-79f6744569-pf9t2 2/2 Running 0 17s
- 创建一个 service entry,指定静态地址为 127.0.0.1 (
localhost
),并对定向到新 service entry 的流量禁用双向 TLS。
$ kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: ServiceEntry
metadata:
name: sni-proxy
spec:
hosts:
- sni-proxy.local
location: MESH_EXTERNAL
ports:
- number: 8443
name: tcp
protocol: TCP
resolution: STATIC
endpoints:
- address: 127.0.0.1
---
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
name: disable-mtls-for-sni-proxy
spec:
host: sni-proxy.local
trafficPolicy:
tls:
mode: DISABLE
EOF
通过具有 SNI 代理的 egress gateway 配置流量
- 为
*.wikipedia.org
定义一个ServiceEntry
:
$ cat <<EOF | kubectl create -f -
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: ServiceEntry
metadata:
name: wikipedia
spec:
hosts:
- "*.wikipedia.org"
ports:
- number: 443
name: tls
protocol: TLS
EOF
- 为
.wikipedia.org
创建一个 egressGateway
,端口为 443,协议为 TLS,并创建一个 virtual service 以将目的为.wikipedia.org
的流量定向到 gateway。
$ kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: Gateway
metadata:
name: istio-egressgateway-with-sni-proxy
spec:
selector:
istio: egressgateway-with-sni-proxy
servers:
- port:
number: 443
name: tls
protocol: TLS
hosts:
- "*.wikipedia.org"
tls:
mode: PASSTHROUGH
---
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
name: egressgateway-for-wikipedia
spec:
host: istio-egressgateway-with-sni-proxy.istio-system.svc.cluster.local
subsets:
- name: wikipedia
---
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: VirtualService
metadata:
name: direct-wikipedia-through-egress-gateway
spec:
hosts:
- "*.wikipedia.org"
gateways:
- mesh
- istio-egressgateway-with-sni-proxy
tls:
- match:
- gateways:
- mesh
port: 443
sni_hosts:
- "*.wikipedia.org"
route:
- destination:
host: istio-egressgateway-with-sni-proxy.istio-system.svc.cluster.local
subset: wikipedia
port:
number: 443
weight: 100
- match:
- gateways:
- istio-egressgateway-with-sni-proxy
port: 443
sni_hosts:
- "*.wikipedia.org"
route:
- destination:
host: sni-proxy.local
port:
number: 8443
weight: 100
EOF
- 发送 HTTPS 请求到 https://en.wikipedia.org 和 https://de.wikipedia.org:
$ kubectl exec -it $SOURCE_POD -c sleep -- sh -c 'curl -s https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page | grep -o "<title>.*</title>"; curl -s https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Hauptseite | grep -o "<title>.*</title>"'
<title>Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</title>
<title>Wikipedia – Die freie Enzyklopädie</title>
- 检查 egress gateway 代理的统计数据,找到对应于到
*.wikipedia.org
的请求的 counter(到 SNI 代理流量的 counter)。如果 Istio 部署在istio-system
namespace 中,打印 counter 的命令为:
$ kubectl exec -it $(kubectl get pod -l istio=egressgateway-with-sni-proxy -n istio-system -o jsonpath='{.items[0].metadata.name}') -c istio-proxy -n istio-system -- curl -s localhost:15000/stats | grep sni-proxy.local.upstream_cx_total
cluster.outbound|8443||sni-proxy.local.upstream_cx_total: 2
- 检查 SNI 代理的日志。如果 Istio 部署在
istio-system
namespace 中,打印日志的命令为:
$ kubectl logs -l istio=egressgateway-with-sni-proxy -n istio-system -c sni-proxy
127.0.0.1 [01/Aug/2018:15:32:02 +0000] TCP [en.wikipedia.org]200 81513 280 0.600
127.0.0.1 [01/Aug/2018:15:32:03 +0000] TCP [de.wikipedia.org]200 67745 291 0.659
- 检查 mixer 日志。如果 Istio 部署在
istio-system
namespace 中,打印日志的命令为:
$ kubectl -n istio-system logs -l istio-mixer-type=telemetry -c mixer | grep '"connectionEvent":"open"' | grep '"sourceName":"istio-egressgateway' | grep 'wikipedia.org'; done
{"level":"info","time":"2018-08-26T16:16:34.784571Z","instance":"tcpaccesslog.logentry.istio-system","connectionDuration":"0s","connectionEvent":"open","connection_security_policy":"unknown","destinationApp":"","destinationIp":"127.0.0.1","destinationName":"unknown","destinationNamespace":"default","destinationOwner":"unknown","destinationPrincipal":"cluster.local/ns/istio-system/sa/istio-egressgateway-with-sni-proxy-service-account","destinationServiceHost":"","destinationWorkload":"unknown","protocol":"tcp","receivedBytes":298,"reporter":"source","requestedServerName":"placeholder.wikipedia.org","sentBytes":0,"sourceApp":"istio-egressgateway-with-sni-proxy","sourceIp":"172.30.146.88","sourceName":"istio-egressgateway-with-sni-proxy-7c4f7868fb-rc8pr","sourceNamespace":"istio-system","sourceOwner":"kubernetes://apis/extensions/v1beta1/namespaces/istio-system/deployments/istio-egressgateway-with-sni-proxy","sourcePrincipal":"cluster.local/ns/default/sa/default","sourceWorkload":"istio-egressgateway-with-sni-proxy","totalReceivedBytes":298,"totalSentBytes":0}
注意 requestedServerName
属性。
SNI 监控和访问策略
现在,一旦通过一个 egress gateway 引导 egress 流量,您就可以在 egress 流量上安全的应用监控和访问策略。在本小节中,您将为到 *.wikipedia.org
的 egress 流量定义一个 log entry 和访问策略。
$ kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
# Log entry for egress access
apiVersion: "config.istio.io/v1alpha2"
kind: logentry
metadata:
name: egress-access
namespace: istio-system
spec:
severity: '"info"'
timestamp: context.time | timestamp("2017-01-01T00:00:00Z")
variables:
connectionEvent: connection.event | ""
source: source.labels["app"] | "unknown"
sourceNamespace: source.namespace | "unknown"
sourceWorkload: source.workload.name | ""
sourcePrincipal: source.principal | "unknown"
requestedServerName: connection.requested_server_name | "unknown"
destinationApp: destination.labels["app"] | ""
monitored_resource_type: '"UNSPECIFIED"'
---
# Handler for info egress access entries
apiVersion: "config.istio.io/v1alpha2"
kind: stdio
metadata:
name: egress-access-logger
namespace: istio-system
spec:
severity_levels:
info: 0 # output log level as info
outputAsJson: true
---
# Rule to handle access to *.wikipedia.org
apiVersion: "config.istio.io/v1alpha2"
kind: rule
metadata:
name: handle-wikipedia-access
namespace: istio-system
spec:
match: source.labels["app"] == "istio-egressgateway-with-sni-proxy" && destination.labels["app"] == "" && connection.event == "open"
actions:
- handler: egress-access-logger.stdio
instances:
- egress-access.logentry
EOF
- 发送 HTTPS 请求到 https://en.wikipedia.org 和 https://de.wikipedia.org:
$ kubectl exec -it $SOURCE_POD -c sleep -- sh -c 'curl -s https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page | grep -o "<title>.*</title>"; curl -s https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Hauptseite | grep -o "<title>.*</title>"'
<title>Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</title>
<title>Wikipedia – Die freie Enzyklopädie</title>
- 检查 mixer 日志。如果 Istio 部署在
istio-system
namespace 中,打印日志的命令为:
$ kubectl -n istio-system logs -l istio-mixer-type=telemetry -c mixer | grep 'egress-access.logentry.istio-system'; done
- 定义一个策略,允许访问除英文版 Wikipedia 之外匹配
*.wikipedia.org
的主机名:
$ cat <<EOF | kubectl create -f -
apiVersion: "config.istio.io/v1alpha2"
kind: listchecker
metadata:
name: wikipedia-checker
namespace: istio-system
spec:
overrides: ["en.wikipedia.org"] # overrides 提供一个静态列表
blacklist: true
---
apiVersion: "config.istio.io/v1alpha2"
kind: listentry
metadata:
name: requested-server-name
namespace: istio-system
spec:
value: connection.requested_server_name
---
# Rule to check access to *.wikipedia.org
apiVersion: "config.istio.io/v1alpha2"
kind: rule
metadata:
name: check-wikipedia-access
namespace: istio-system
spec:
match: source.labels["app"] == "istio-egressgateway-with-sni-proxy" && destination.labels["app"] == ""
actions:
- handler: wikipedia-checker.listchecker
instances:
- requested-server-name.listentry
EOF
- 发送一个 HTTPS 请求到被纳入黑名单的 https://en.wikipedia.org:
$ kubectl exec -it $SOURCE_POD -c sleep -- sh -c 'curl -v https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page'
...
curl: (35) Unknown SSL protocol error in connection to en.wikipedia.org:443
command terminated with exit code 35
- 发送 HTTPS 请求到其余网站,例如 https://es.wikipedia.org 和 https://de.wikipedia.org:
$ kubectl exec -it $SOURCE_POD -c sleep -- sh -c 'curl -s https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Portada | grep -o "<title>.*</title>"; curl -s https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Hauptseite | grep -o "<title>.*</title>"'
<title>Wikipedia, la enciclopedia libre</title>
<title>Wikipedia – Die freie Enzyklopädie</title>
清理监控和策略
$ kubectl delete rule handle-wikipedia-access check-wikipedia-access -n istio-system
$ kubectl delete logentry egress-access -n istio-system
$ kubectl delete stdio egress-access-logger -n istio-system
$ kubectl delete listentry requested-server-name -n istio-system
$ kubectl delete listchecker wikipedia-checker -n istio-system
清理任意域名的通配符配置
- 删除
*.wikipedia.org
的配置项:
$ kubectl delete serviceentry wikipedia
$ kubectl delete gateway istio-egressgateway-with-sni-proxy
$ kubectl delete virtualservice direct-wikipedia-through-egress-gateway
$ kubectl delete destinationrule egressgateway-for-wikipedia
- 删除
egressgateway-with-sni-proxy
Deployment
的配置项:
$ kubectl delete serviceentry sni-proxy
$ kubectl delete destinationrule disable-mtls-for-sni-proxy
$ kubectl delete -f ./istio-egressgateway-with-sni-proxy.yaml
$ kubectl delete configmap egress-sni-proxy-configmap -n istio-system
- 删除您创建的配置文件:
$ rm ./istio-egressgateway-with-sni-proxy.yaml
$ rm ./sni-proxy.conf
清理
关闭 sleep service:
$ kubectl delete -f @samples/sleep/sleep.yaml@