熔断
本任务展示了用连接、请求以及外部检测来进行熔断配置的过程。
断路器是创建弹性微服务应用程序的重要模式。断路器允许您编写限制故障、延迟峰值以及其他不良网络特性影响的应用程序。
在此任务中,您将配置断路器规则,然后通过故意“跳闸”断路器来测试配置。
开始之前
如果启用了 Sidecar 的自动注入,只需运行:
$ kubectl apply -f @samples/httpbin/httpbin.yaml@
否则就需要在部署 httpbin
应用之前手工注入 Sidecar 了:
$ kubectl apply -f <(istioctl kube-inject -f @samples/httpbin/httpbin.yaml@)
httpbin
应用程序用作为此任务的后端服务。
断路器
- 创建一个 目标规则,针对
httpbin
服务设置断路器:
如果您的 Istio 启用了双向 TLS 身份验证,则必须在应用之前将 TLS 流量策略 mode:ISTIO_MUTUAL
添加到 DestinationRule
。否则请求将产生 503 错误,如设置目标规则后出现 503 错误所述。
$ kubectl apply -f - <<EOF
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
name: httpbin
spec:
host: httpbin
trafficPolicy:
connectionPool:
tcp:
maxConnections: 1
http:
http1MaxPendingRequests: 1
maxRequestsPerConnection: 1
outlierDetection:
consecutiveErrors: 1
interval: 1s
baseEjectionTime: 3m
maxEjectionPercent: 100
EOF
- 检查我们的目标规则,确定已经正确建立:
$ kubectl get destinationrule httpbin -o yaml
apiVersion: networking.istio.io/v1alpha3
kind: DestinationRule
metadata:
name: httpbin
...
spec:
host: httpbin
trafficPolicy:
connectionPool:
http:
http1MaxPendingRequests: 1
maxRequestsPerConnection: 1
tcp:
maxConnections: 1
outlierDetection:
baseEjectionTime: 180.000s
consecutiveErrors: 1
interval: 1.000s
maxEjectionPercent: 100
设置客户端
现在我们已经设置了调用 httpbin
服务的规则,接下来创建一个客户端,用来向后端服务发送请求,观察是否会触发熔断策略。这里要使用一个简单的负载测试客户端,名字叫 fortio。这个客户端可以控制连接数量、并发数以及发送 HTTP 请求的延迟。使用这一客户端,能够有效的触发前面在目标规则中设置的熔断策略。
- 这里我们会把给客户端也进行 Sidecar 的注入,以此保证 Istio 对网络交互的控制:
$ kubectl apply -f <(istioctl kube-inject -f @samples/httpbin/sample-client/fortio-deploy.yaml@)
- 接下来就可以登入客户端 Pod 并使用 Fortio 工具来调用
httpbin
。-curl
参数表明只调用一次:
$ FORTIO_POD=$(kubectl get pod | grep fortio | awk '{ print $1 }')
$ kubectl exec -it $FORTIO_POD -c fortio /usr/bin/fortio -- load -curl http://httpbin:8000/get
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
server: envoy
date: Tue, 16 Jan 2018 23:47:00 GMT
content-type: application/json
access-control-allow-origin: *
access-control-allow-credentials: true
content-length: 445
x-envoy-upstream-service-time: 36
{
"args": {},
"headers": {
"Content-Length": "0",
"Host": "httpbin:8000",
"User-Agent": "istio/fortio-0.6.2",
"X-B3-Sampled": "1",
"X-B3-Spanid": "824fbd828d809bf4",
"X-B3-Traceid": "824fbd828d809bf4",
"X-Ot-Span-Context": "824fbd828d809bf4;824fbd828d809bf4;0000000000000000",
"X-Request-Id": "1ad2de20-806e-9622-949a-bd1d9735a3f4"
},
"origin": "127.0.0.1",
"url": "http://httpbin:8000/get"
}
不难看出,调用已经成功。接下来做些变化。
触发熔断机制
在上面的熔断设置中指定了 maxConnections: 1
以及 http1MaxPendingRequests: 1
。这意味着如果超过了一个连接同时发起请求,Istio 就会熔断,阻止后续的请求或连接。
- 接下来尝试一下两个并发连接(
-c 2
),发送 20 请求(-n 20
):
$ kubectl exec -it $FORTIO_POD -c fortio /usr/bin/fortio -- load -c 2 -qps 0 -n 20 -loglevel Warning http://httpbin:8000/get
Fortio 0.6.2 running at 0 queries per second, 2->2 procs, for 5s: http://httpbin:8000/get
Starting at max qps with 2 thread(s) [gomax 2] for exactly 20 calls (10 per thread + 0)
23:51:10 W http.go:617> Parsed non ok code 503 (HTTP/1.1 503)
Ended after 106.474079ms : 20 calls. qps=187.84
Aggregated Function Time : count 20 avg 0.010215375 +/- 0.003604 min 0.005172024 max 0.019434859 sum 0.204307492
# range, mid point, percentile, count
>= 0.00517202 <= 0.006 , 0.00558601 , 5.00, 1
> 0.006 <= 0.007 , 0.0065 , 20.00, 3
> 0.007 <= 0.008 , 0.0075 , 30.00, 2
> 0.008 <= 0.009 , 0.0085 , 40.00, 2
> 0.009 <= 0.01 , 0.0095 , 60.00, 4
> 0.01 <= 0.011 , 0.0105 , 70.00, 2
> 0.011 <= 0.012 , 0.0115 , 75.00, 1
> 0.012 <= 0.014 , 0.013 , 90.00, 3
> 0.016 <= 0.018 , 0.017 , 95.00, 1
> 0.018 <= 0.0194349 , 0.0187174 , 100.00, 1
# target 50% 0.0095
# target 75% 0.012
# target 99% 0.0191479
# target 99.9% 0.0194062
Code 200 : 19 (95.0 %)
Code 503 : 1 (5.0 %)
Response Header Sizes : count 20 avg 218.85 +/- 50.21 min 0 max 231 sum 4377
Response Body/Total Sizes : count 20 avg 652.45 +/- 99.9 min 217 max 676 sum 13049
All done 20 calls (plus 0 warmup) 10.215 ms avg, 187.8 qps
这里可以看到,几乎所有请求都通过了。Istio-proxy 允许存在一些误差。
Code 200 : 19 (95.0 %)
Code 503 : 1 (5.0 %)
- 接下来把并发连接数量提高到 3:
$ kubectl exec -it $FORTIO_POD -c fortio /usr/bin/fortio -- load -c 3 -qps 0 -n 30 -loglevel Warning http://httpbin:8000/get
Fortio 0.6.2 running at 0 queries per second, 2->2 procs, for 5s: http://httpbin:8000/get
Starting at max qps with 3 thread(s) [gomax 2] for exactly 30 calls (10 per thread + 0)
23:51:51 W http.go:617> Parsed non ok code 503 (HTTP/1.1 503)
23:51:51 W http.go:617> Parsed non ok code 503 (HTTP/1.1 503)
23:51:51 W http.go:617> Parsed non ok code 503 (HTTP/1.1 503)
23:51:51 W http.go:617> Parsed non ok code 503 (HTTP/1.1 503)
23:51:51 W http.go:617> Parsed non ok code 503 (HTTP/1.1 503)
23:51:51 W http.go:617> Parsed non ok code 503 (HTTP/1.1 503)
23:51:51 W http.go:617> Parsed non ok code 503 (HTTP/1.1 503)
23:51:51 W http.go:617> Parsed non ok code 503 (HTTP/1.1 503)
23:51:51 W http.go:617> Parsed non ok code 503 (HTTP/1.1 503)
23:51:51 W http.go:617> Parsed non ok code 503 (HTTP/1.1 503)
23:51:51 W http.go:617> Parsed non ok code 503 (HTTP/1.1 503)
Ended after 71.05365ms : 30 calls. qps=422.22
Aggregated Function Time : count 30 avg 0.0053360199 +/- 0.004219 min 0.000487853 max 0.018906468 sum 0.160080597
# range, mid point, percentile, count
>= 0.000487853 <= 0.001 , 0.000743926 , 10.00, 3
> 0.001 <= 0.002 , 0.0015 , 30.00, 6
> 0.002 <= 0.003 , 0.0025 , 33.33, 1
> 0.003 <= 0.004 , 0.0035 , 40.00, 2
> 0.004 <= 0.005 , 0.0045 , 46.67, 2
> 0.005 <= 0.006 , 0.0055 , 60.00, 4
> 0.006 <= 0.007 , 0.0065 , 73.33, 4
> 0.007 <= 0.008 , 0.0075 , 80.00, 2
> 0.008 <= 0.009 , 0.0085 , 86.67, 2
> 0.009 <= 0.01 , 0.0095 , 93.33, 2
> 0.014 <= 0.016 , 0.015 , 96.67, 1
> 0.018 <= 0.0189065 , 0.0184532 , 100.00, 1
# target 50% 0.00525
# target 75% 0.00725
# target 99% 0.0186345
# target 99.9% 0.0188793
Code 200 : 19 (63.3 %)
Code 503 : 11 (36.7 %)
Response Header Sizes : count 30 avg 145.73333 +/- 110.9 min 0 max 231 sum 4372
Response Body/Total Sizes : count 30 avg 507.13333 +/- 220.8 min 217 max 676 sum 15214
All done 30 calls (plus 0 warmup) 5.336 ms avg, 422.2 qps
这时候会观察到,熔断行为按照之前的设计生效了,只有 63.3% 的请求获得通过,剩余请求被断路器拦截了:
Code 200 : 19 (63.3 %)
Code 503 : 11 (36.7 %)
- 我们可以查询
istio-proxy
的状态,获取更多相关信息:
$ kubectl exec -it $FORTIO_POD -c istio-proxy -- sh -c 'curl localhost:15000/stats' | grep httpbin | grep pending
cluster.outbound|80||httpbin.springistio.svc.cluster.local.upstream_rq_pending_active: 0
cluster.outbound|80||httpbin.springistio.svc.cluster.local.upstream_rq_pending_failure_eject: 0
cluster.outbound|80||httpbin.springistio.svc.cluster.local.upstream_rq_pending_overflow: 12
cluster.outbound|80||httpbin.springistio.svc.cluster.local.upstream_rq_pending_total: 39
upstream_rq_pending_overflow
的值是 12
,说明有 12
次调用被标志为熔断。
清理
- 清理规则:
$ kubectl delete destinationrule httpbin
- 关闭 httpbin 服务和客户端:
$ kubectl delete deploy httpbin fortio-deploy
$ kubectl delete svc httpbin