Directory Servers

OpenLDAP

LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol) is a set of open protocols used to access centrally stored information over a network. It is based on the X.500 standard for directory sharing, but is less complex and resource-intensive. For this reason, LDAP is sometimes referred to as “X.500 Lite”.

Like X.500, LDAP organizes information in a hierarchical manner using directories. These directories can store a variety of information such as names, addresses, or phone numbers, and can even be used in a manner similar to the Network Information Service (NIS), enabling anyone to access their account from any machine on the LDAP enabled network.

LDAP is commonly used for centrally managed users and groups, user authentication, or system configuration. It can also serve as a virtual phone directory, allowing users to easily access contact information for other users. Additionally, it can refer a user to other LDAP servers throughout the world, and thus provide an ad-hoc global repository of information. However, it is most frequently used within individual organizations such as universities, government departments, and private companies.

This section covers the installation and configuration of OpenLDAP 2.4, an open source implementation of the LDAPv2 and LDAPv3 protocols.

Introduction to LDAP

Using a client-server architecture, LDAP provides a reliable means to create a central information directory accessible from the network. When a client attempts to modify information within this directory, the server verifies the user has permission to make the change, and then adds or updates the entry as requested. To ensure the communication is secure, the Transport Layer Security (TLS) cryptographic protocol can be used to prevent an attacker from intercepting the transmission.

The LDAP server supports several database systems, which gives administrators the flexibility to choose the best suited solution for the type of information they are planning to serve. Because of a well-defined client Application Programming Interface (API), the number of applications able to communicate with an LDAP server is numerous, and increasing in both quantity and quality.

LDAP Terminology

The following is a list of LDAP-specific terms that are used within this chapter:

entry

A single unit within an LDAP directory. Each entry is identified by its unique Distinguished Name (DN).

attribute

Information directly associated with an entry. For example, if an organization is represented as an LDAP entry, attributes associated with this organization might include an address, a fax number, etc. Similarly, people can be represented as entries with common attributes such as personal telephone number or email address.
An attribute can either have a single value, or an unordered space-separated list of values. While certain attributes are optional, others are required. Required attributes are specified using the objectClass definition, and can be found in schema files located in the /etc/openldap/slapd.d/cn=config/cn=schema/ directory.
The assertion of an attribute and its corresponding value is also referred to as a Relative Distinguished Name (RDN). Unlike distinguished names that are unique globally, a relative distinguished name is only unique per entry.

LDIF

The LDAP Data Interchange Format (LDIF) is a plain text representation of an LDAP entry. It takes the following form: +

id dn: distinguished_name
attribute_type: attribute_value…
attribute_type: attribute_value…
…

 +
The optional _id_ is a number determined by the application that is used to edit the entry. Each entry can contain as many _attribute_type_ and _attribute_value_ pairs as needed, as long as they are all defined in a corresponding schema file. A blank line indicates the end of an entry.

OpenLDAP Features

OpenLDAP suite provides a number of important features:

• LDAPv3 Support — Many of the changes in the protocol since LDAP version 2 are designed to make LDAP more secure. Among other improvements, this includes the support for Simple Authentication and Security Layer (SASL), Transport Layer Security (TLS), and Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) protocols.

• LDAP Over IPC — The use of inter-process communication (IPC) enhances security by eliminating the need to communicate over a network.

• IPv6 Support — OpenLDAP is compliant with Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6), the next generation of the Internet Protocol.

• LDIFv1 Support — OpenLDAP is fully compliant with LDIF version 1.

• Updated C API — The current C API improves the way programmers can connect to and use LDAP directory servers.

• Enhanced Standalone LDAP Server — This includes an updated access control system, thread pooling, better tools, and much more.

OpenLDAP Server Setup

The typical steps to set up an LDAP server on Fedora are as follows:

1. Install the OpenLDAP suite. See Installing the OpenLDAP Suite for more information on required packages.

2. Customize the configuration as described in Configuring an OpenLDAP Server.

3. Start the slapd service as described in Running an OpenLDAP Server.

4. Use the ldapadd utility to add entries to the LDAP directory.

5. Use the ldapsearch utility to verify that the slapd service is accessing the information correctly.

Installing the OpenLDAP Suite

The suite of OpenLDAP libraries and tools is provided by the following packages:

Additionally, the following packages are commonly used along with the LDAP server:

To install these packages, use the dnf command in the following form:

dnf install package…

For example, to perform the basic LDAP server installation, type the following at a shell prompt as root:

~]# dnf install openldap openldap-clients openldap-servers

Note that you must have superuser privileges (that is, you must be logged in as root) to run this command. For more information on how to install new packages in Fedora, see Installing Packages.

Overview of OpenLDAP Server Utilities

To perform administrative tasks, the openldap-servers package installs the following utilities along with the slapd service:

For a detailed description of these utilities and their usage, see the corresponding manual pages as referred to in Installed Documentation.

chown -R ldap:ldap /var/lib/ldap

~]# systemctl stop slapd.service

Overview of OpenLDAP Client Utilities

The openldap-clients package installs the following utilities which can be used to add, modify, and delete entries in an LDAP directory:

With the exception of ldapsearch, each of these utilities is more easily used by referencing a file containing the changes to be made rather than typing a command for each entry to be changed within an LDAP directory. The format of such a file is outlined in the man page for each utility.

Overview of Common LDAP Client Applications

Although there are various graphical LDAP clients capable of creating and modifying directories on the server, none of them is included in Fedora. Popular applications that can access directories in a read-only mode include Mozilla Thunderbird, Evolution, or Ekiga.

Configuring an OpenLDAP Server

By default, the OpenLDAP configuration is stored in the /etc/openldap/ directory. The following table highlights the most important directories and files within this directory:

Note that OpenLDAP no longer reads its configuration from the /etc/openldap/slapd.conf file. Instead, it uses a configuration database located in the /etc/openldap/slapd.d/ directory. If you have an existing slapd.conf file from a previous installation, you can convert it to the new format by running the following command as root:

~]# slaptest -f /etc/openldap/slapd.conf -F /etc/openldap/slapd.d/

The slapd configuration consists of LDIF entries organized in a hierarchical directory structure, and the recommended way to edit these entries is to use the server utilities described in Overview of OpenLDAP Server Utilities.

Changing the Global Configuration

Global configuration options for the LDAP server are stored in the /etc/openldap/slapd.d/cn=config.ldif file. The following directives are commonly used:

olcAllows

The olcAllows directive allows you to specify which features to enable. It takes the following form:

olcAllows

It accepts a space-separated list of features as described in Available olcAllows options. The default option is bind_v2.

Example 1. Using the olcAllows directive

olcAllows: bind_v2 update_anon

olcConnMaxPending

The olcConnMaxPending directive allows you to specify the maximum number of pending requests for an anonymous session. It takes the following form:

olcConnMaxPending

The default option is 100.

Example 2. Using the olcConnMaxPending directive

olcConnMaxPending: 100

olcConnMaxPendingAuth

The olcConnMaxPendingAuth directive allows you to specify the maximum number of pending requests for an authenticated session. It takes the following form: +

olcConnMaxPendingAuth

The default option is 1000.

Example 3. Using the olcConnMaxPendingAuth directive

olcConnMaxPendingAuth: 1000

olcDisallows

The olcDisallows directive allows you to specify which features to disable. It takes the following form: +

olcDisallows

It accepts a space-separated list of features as described in Available olcDisallows options. No features are disabled by default.

Example 4. Using the olcDisallows directive

olcDisallows: bind_anon

olcIdleTimeout

The olcIdleTimeout directive allows you to specify how many seconds to wait before closing an idle connection. It takes the following form: +

olcIdleTimeout

This option is disabled by default (that is, set to 0).

Example 5. Using the olcIdleTimeout directive

olcIdleTimeout: 180

olcLogFile

The olcLogFile directive allows you to specify a file in which to write log messages. It takes the following form: +

olcLogFile: file_name

The log messages are written to standard error by default.

Example 6. Using the olcLogFile directive

olcLogFile: /var/log/slapd.log

olcReferral

The olcReferral option allows you to specify a URL of a server to process the request in case the server is not able to handle it. It takes the following form: +

olcReferral

This option is disabled by default.

Example 7. Using the olcReferral directive

olcReferral: ldap://root.openldap.org

olcWriteTimeout

The olcWriteTimeout option allows you to specify how many seconds to wait before closing a connection with an outstanding write request. It takes the following form: +

olcWriteTimeout

This option is disabled by default (that is, set to 0).

Example 8. Using the olcWriteTimeout directive

olcWriteTimeout: 180

Changing the Database-Specific Configuration

By default, the OpenLDAP server uses Berkeley DB (BDB) as a database back end. The configuration for this database is stored in the /etc/openldap/slapd.d/cn=config/olcDatabase={1}bdb.ldif file. The following directives are commonly used in a database-specific configuration:

olcReadOnly

The olcReadOnly directive allows you to use the database in a read-only mode. It takes the following form: +

olcReadOnly

It accepts either TRUE (enable the read-only mode), or FALSE (enable modifications of the database). The default option is FALSE.

Example 9. Using the olcReadOnly directive

olcReadOnly: TRUE

olcRootDN

The olcRootDN directive allows you to specify the user that is unrestricted by access controls or administrative limit parameters set for operations on the LDAP directory. It takes the following form: +

olcRootDN: distinguished_name

It accepts a Distinguished Name (DN). The default option is cn=Manager,dn=my-domain,dc=com.

Example 10. Using the olcRootDN directive

olcRootDN: cn=root,dn=example,dn=com

olcRootPW

The olcRootPW directive allows you to set a password for the user that is specified using the olcRootDN directive. It takes the following form: +

olcRootPW

It accepts either a plain text string, or a hash. To generate a hash, type the following at a shell prompt:

~]$ slappaswd
New password:
Re-enter new password:
{SSHA}WczWsyPEnMchFf1GRTweq2q7XJcvmSxD

Example 11. Using the olcRootPW directive

olcRootPW: {SSHA}WczWsyPEnMchFf1GRTweq2q7XJcvmSxD

olcSuffix

The olcSuffix directive allows you to specify the domain for which to provide information. It takes the following form: +

olcSuffix: domain_name

It accepts a fully qualified domain name (FQDN). The default option is dc=my-domain,dc=com.

Example 12. Using the olcSuffix directive

olcSuffix: dc=example,dc=com

Extending Schema

Since OpenLDAP 2.3, the /etc/openldap/slapd.d/ directory also contains LDAP definitions that were previously located in /etc/openldap/schema/. It is possible to extend the schema used by OpenLDAP to support additional attribute types and object classes using the default schema files as a guide. However, this task is beyond the scope of this chapter. For more information on this topic, see https://www.openldap.org/doc/admin/schema.html.

Establishing a Secure Connection

OpenLDAP clients and servers can be secured using the Transport Layer Security (TLS) framework. TLS is a cryptographic protocol designed to provide communication security over the network. As noted above, OpenLDAP suite in Fedora uses Mozilla NSS as the TLS implementation.

To establish a secure connection using TLS, obtain the required certificates as described in How do I use TLS/SSL with Mozilla NSS. Then, a number of options must be configured on both the client and the server. At a minimum, a server must be configured with the Certificate Authority (CA) certificates and also its own server certificate and private key. The clients must be configured with the name of the file containing all the trusted CA certificates.

Typically, a server only needs to sign a single CA certificate. A client may want to connect to a variety of secure servers, therefore it is common to specify a list of several trusted CAs in its configuration.

Server Configuration

This section lists global configuration directives for slapd that need to be specified in the /etc/openldap/slapd.d/cn=config.ldif file on an OpenLDAP server in order to establish TLS.

While the old style configuration uses a single file, normally installed as /usr/local/etc/openldap/slapd.conf, the new style uses a slapd backend database to store the configuration. The configuration database normally resides in the /usr/local/etc/openldap/slapd.d/ directory.

The following directives are also valid for establishing SSL. In addition to TLS directives, you need to enable a port dedicated to SSL on the server side – typically it is port 636. To do so, edit the /etc/sysconfig/slapd file and append the ldaps:/// string to the list of URLs specified with the SLAPD_URLS directive.

olcTLSCACertificateFile

The olcTLSCACertificateFile directive specifies the file encoded with Privacy-Enhanced Mail (PEM) schema that contains trusted CA certificates. The directive takes the following form: +

olcTLSCACertificateFile

Replace path either with a path to the CA certificate file, or, if you use Mozilla NSS, with a certificate name.

olcTLSCACertificatePath

The olcTLSCACertificatePath directive specifies the path to a directory containing individual CA certificates in separate files. This directory must be specially managed with the OpenSSL c_rehash utility that generates symbolic links with the hashed names that point to the actual certificate files. In general, it is simpler to use the olcTLSCACertificateFile directive instead.
If Mozilla NSS is used, olcTLSCACertificatePath accepts a path to the Mozilla NSS database (as shown in Using olcTLSCACertificatePath with Mozilla NSS). In such a case, c_rehash is not needed.
The directive takes the following form:

olcTLSCACertificatePath

Replace path with a path to the directory containing the CA certificate files, or with a path to a Mozilla NSS database file.

Example 13. Using olcTLSCACertificatePath with Mozilla NSS

With Mozilla NSS, the olcTLSCACertificatePath directive specifies the path of the directory containing the NSS certificate and key database files. For example:

olcTLSCACertificatePath

The certutil command is used to add a CA certificate to these NSS database files:

certutil -d sql:/home/nssdb/sharednssdb -A -n "CA_certificate" -t CT,, -a -i certificate.pem

The above command adds a CA certificate stored in a PEM-formatted file named certificate.pem. The -d option specifies the database directory containing the certificate and key database files, the -n option sets a name for the certificate, -t CT,, means that the certificate is trusted to be used in TLS clients and servers. The -A option adds an existing certificate to a certificate database, the -a option allows the use of ASCII format for input or output, and the -i option passes the certificate.pem input file to the command.

olcTLSCertificateFile

The olcTLSCertificateFile directive specifies the file that contains the slapd server certificate. The directive takes the following form: +

olcTLSCertificateFile

Replace path with a path to the slapd server certificate file, or, if you use Mozilla NSS, with a certificate name.

Example 14. Using olcTLSCertificateFile with Mozilla NSS

When using Mozilla NSS with certificate and key database files specified with the olcTLSCACertificatePath directive, olcTLSCertificateFile is used to specify the name of the certificate to use. First, execute the following command to view a list of certificates available in your NSS database file:

certutil -d sql:/home/nssdb/sharednssdb -L

Select a certificate from the list and pass its name to olcTLSCertificateFile. For example:

olcTLSCertificateFile slapd_cert

olcTLSCertificateKeyFile

The olcTLSCertificateKeyFile directive specifies the file that contains the private key that matches the certificate stored in the file specified with olcTLSCertificateFile. Note that the current implementation does not support encrypted private keys, and therefore the containing file must be sufficiently protected. The directive takes the following form:

olcTLSCertificateKeyFile

Replace path with a path to the private key file if you use PEM certificates. When using Mozilla NSS, path stands for the name of a file that contains the password for the key for the certificate specified with the olcTLSCertificateFile directive (see Using olcTLSCertificateKeyFile with Mozilla NSS).

Example 15. Using olcTLSCertificateKeyFile with Mozilla NSS

When using Mozilla NSS, this directive specifies the name of a file that contains the password for the key for the certificate specified with olcTLSCertificateFile:

olcTLSCertificateKeyFile: slapd_cert_key

The modutil command can be used to turn off password protection or to change the password for NSS database files. For example:

modutil -dbdir sql:/home/nssdb/sharednssdb -changepw

Client Configuration

Specify the following directives in the /etc/openldap/ldap.conf configuration file on the client system. Most of these directives are parallel to the server configuration options. Directives in/etc/openldap/ldap.conf are configured on a system-wide basis, however, individual users may override them in their ~/.ldaprc files.

The same directives can be used to establish an SSL connection. The ldaps:// string must be used instead of ldap:// in OpenLDAP commands such as ldapsearch. This forces commands to use the default port for SSL, port 636, configured on the server.

TLS_CACERT

The TLS_CACERT directive specifies a file containing certificates for all of the Certificate Authorities the client will recognize. This is equivalent to the olcTLSCACertificateFile directive on a server. TLS_CACERT should always be specified before TLS_CACERTDIR in /etc/openldap/ldap.conf. The directive takes the following form:

TLS_CACERT path

Replace path with a path to the CA certificate file.

TLS_CACERTDIR

The TLS_CACERTDIR directive specifies the path to a directory that contains Certificate Authority certificates in separate files. As with olcTLSCACertificatePath on a server, the specified directory must be managed with the OpenSSL c_rehash utility. Path to Mozilla NSS database file is also accepted, c_rehash is not needed in such case. The directive takes the following form:

TLS_CACERTDIR directory

Replace directory with a path to the directory containing CA certificate files. With Mozilla NSS, directory stands for a path to the certificate or key database file.

TLS_CERT

The TLS_CERT specifies the file that contains a client certificate. This directive can only be specified in a user’s ~/.ldaprc file. With Mozilla NSS, this directive specifies the name of the certificate to be chosen from the database specified with the aforementioned TLS_CACERTDIR directive. The directive takes the following form:

TLS_CERT path

Replace path with a path to the client certificate file, or with a name of a certificate from the NSS database.

TLS_KEY

The TLS_KEY specifies the file that contains the private key that matches the certificate stored in the file specified with the TLS_CERT directive. As with olcTLSCertificateFile on a server, encrypted key files are not supported, so the file itself must be carefully protected. This option is only configurable in a user’s ~/.ldaprc file.
When using Mozilla NSS, TLS_KEY specifies the name of a file that contains the password for the private key that protects the certificate specified with the TLS_CERT directive. Similarly to the olcTLSCertificateKeyFile directive on a server (see Using olcTLSCertificateKeyFile with Mozilla NSS), you can use the modutil command to manage this password.
The TLS_KEY directive takes the following form:

TLS_KEY path

Replace path with a path to the client certificate file or with a name of the password file in the NSS database.

Setting Up Replication

Replication is the process of copying updates from one LDAP server (provider) to one or more other servers or clients (consumers). A provider replicates directory updates to consumers, the received updates can be further propagated by the consumer to other servers, so a consumer can also act simultaneously as a provider. Also, a consumer does not have to be an LDAP server, it may be just an LDAP client. In OpenLDAP, you can use several replication modes, most notable are mirror and sync. For more information on OpenLDAP replication modes, see the OpenLDAP Software Administrator’s Guide installed with openldap-servers package (see Installed Documentation).

To enable a chosen replication mode, use one of the following directives in /etc/openldap/slapd.d/ on both provider and consumers.

olcMirrorMode

The olcMirrorMode directive enables the mirror replication mode. It takes the following form:

olcMirrorMode

This option needs to be specified both on provider and consumers. Also a serverID must be specified along with syncrepl options. Find a detailed example in the 18.3.4. MirrorMode section of the OpenLDAP Software Administrator’s Guide (see Installed Documentation).

olcSyncrepl

The olcSyncrepl directive enables the sync replication mode. It takes the following form:

olcSyncrepl

The sync replication mode requires a specific configuration on both the provider and the consumers. This configuration is thoroughly described in the 18.3.1. Syncrepl section of the OpenLDAP Software Administrator’s Guide (see Installed Documentation).

Loading Modules and Backends

You can enhance the slapd service with dynamically loaded modules. Support for these modules must be enabled with the --enable-modules option when configuring slapd. Modules are stored in files with the .la extension:

module_name.la

Backends store or retrieve data in response to LDAP requests. Backends may be compiled statically into slapd, or when module support is enabled, they may be dynamically loaded. In the latter case, the following naming convention is applied:

back_backend_name.la

To load a module or a backend, use the following directive in /etc/openldap/slapd.d/:

olcModuleLoad

The olcModuleLoad directive specifies a dynamically loadable module to load. It takes the following form:

olcModuleLoad

Here, module stands either for a file containing the module, or a backend, that will be loaded.

SELinux Policy for Applications Using LDAP

SELinux is an implementation of a mandatory access control mechanism in the Linux kernel. By default, SELinux prevents applications from accessing an OpenLDAP server. To enable authentication through LDAP, which is required by several applications, the allow_ypbind SELinux Boolean needs to be enabled. Certain applications also demand an enabled authlogin_nsswitch_use_ldap Boolean in this scenario. Execute the following commands to enable the aforementioned Booleans:

~]# setsebool -P allow_ypbind=1

~]# setsebool -P authlogin_nsswitch_use_ldap=1

The -P option makes this setting persistent across system reboots. See the Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 SELinux User’s and Administrator’s Guide for more detailed information about SELinux.

Running an OpenLDAP Server

This section describes how to start, stop, restart, and check the current status of the Standalone LDAP Daemon. For more information on how to manage system services in general, see Services and Daemons.

Starting the Service

To start the slapd service in the current session, type the following at a shell prompt as root:

~]# systemctl start slapd.service

To configure the service to start automatically at the boot time, use the following command as root:

~]# systemctl enable slapd.service

See Services and Daemons for more information on how to configure services in Fedora.

Stopping the Service

To stop the running slapd service in the current session, type the following at a shell prompt as root:

~]# systemctl stop slapd.service

To prevent the service from starting automatically at the boot time, type as root:

~]# systemctl disable slapd.service
rm '/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/slapd.service'

See Services and Daemons for more information on how to configure services in Fedora.

Restarting the Service

To restart the running slapd service, type the following at a shell prompt as root:

~]# systemctl restart slapd.service

This stops the service and immediately starts it again. Use this command to reload the configuration.

Verifying the Service Status

To verify that the slapd service is running, type the following at a shell prompt:

~]$ systemctl is-active slapd.service
active

Configuring a System to Authenticate Using OpenLDAP

In order to configure a system to authenticate using OpenLDAP, make sure that the appropriate packages are installed on both LDAP server and client machines. For information on how to set up the server, follow the instructions in Installing the OpenLDAP Suite and Configuring an OpenLDAP Server. On a client, type the following at a shell prompt as root:

~]# dnf install openldap openldap-clients nss-pam-ldapd

Migrating Old Authentication Information to LDAP Format

The migrationtools package provides a set of shell and Perl scripts to help you migrate authentication information into an LDAP format. To install this package, type the following at a shell prompt as root:

~]# dnf install migrationtools

This will install the scripts to the /usr/share/migrationtools/ directory. Once installed, edit the /usr/share/migrationtools/migrate_common.ph file and change the following lines to reflect the correct domain, for example:

# Default DNS domain
$DEFAULT_MAIL_DOMAIN = "example.com";
# Default base
$DEFAULT_BASE = "dc=example,dc=com";

Alternatively, you can specify the environment variables directly on the command line. For example, to run the migrate_all_online.sh script with the default base set to dc=example,dc=com, type:

~]# export DEFAULT_BASE="dc=example,dc=com" \
/usr/share/migrationtools/migrate_all_online.sh

To decide which script to run in order to migrate the user database, see Commonly used LDAP migration scripts.

For more information on how to use these scripts, see the README and the migration-tools.txt files in the /usr/share/doc/migrationtools/ directory.

Additional Resources

The following resources offer additional information on the Lightweight Directory Access Protocol. Before configuring LDAP on your system, it is highly recommended that you review these resources, especially the OpenLDAP Software Administrator’s Guide.

Installed Documentation

The following documentation is installed with the openldap-servers package:

• /usr/share/doc/openldap-servers/guide.html — A copy of the OpenLDAP Software Administrator’s Guide.

• /usr/share/doc/openldap-servers/README.schema — A README file containing the description of installed schema files.

Additionally, there is also a number of manual pages that are installed with the openldap, openldap-servers, and openldap-clients packages:

Client Applications

• ldapadd(1) — The manual page for the ldapadd command describes how to add entries to an LDAP directory.

• ldapdelete(1) — The manual page for the ldapdelete command describes how to delete entries within an LDAP directory.

• ldapmodify(1) — The manual page for the ldapmodify command describes how to modify entries within an LDAP directory.

• ldapsearch(1) — The manual page for the ldapsearch command describes how to search for entries within an LDAP directory.

• ldappasswd(1) — The manual page for the ldappasswd command describes how to set or change the password of an LDAP user.

• ldapcompare(1) — Describes how to use the ldapcompare tool.

• ldapwhoami(1) — Describes how to use the ldapwhoami tool.

• ldapmodrdn(1) — Describes how to modify the RDNs of entries.

Server Applications

• slapd(8C) — Describes command line options for the LDAP server.

Administrative Applications

• slapadd(8C) — Describes command line options used to add entries to a slapd database.

• slapcat(8C) — Describes command line options used to generate an LDIF file from a slapd database.

• slapindex(8C) — Describes command line options used to regenerate an index based upon the contents of a slapd database.

• slappasswd(8C) — Describes command line options used to generate user passwords for LDAP directories.

Configuration Files

• ldap.conf(5) — The manual page for the ldap.conf file describes the format and options available within the configuration file for LDAP clients.

• slapd-config(5) — Describes the format and options available within the /etc/openldap/slapd.d configuration directory.

Online Documentation

https://www.openldap.org/doc/admin24/

The current version of the OpenLDAP Software Administrator’s Guide.

https://www.kingsmountain.com/ldapRoadmap.shtml

Jeff Hodges’ LDAP Roadmap & FAQ containing links to several useful resources and emerging news concerning the LDAP protocol.

http://www.ldapman.org/articles/

A collection of articles that offer a good introduction to LDAP, including methods to design a directory tree and customizing directory structures.

https://www.padl.com/

A website of developers of several useful LDAP tools.

Related Books

OpenLDAP by Example by John Terpstra and Benjamin Coles; Prentice Hall.

A collection of practical exercises in the OpenLDAP deployment.

Implementing LDAP by Mark Wilcox; Wrox Press, Inc.

A book covering LDAP from both the system administrator’s and software developer’s perspective.

Understanding and Deploying LDAP Directory Services by Tim Howes et al.; Macmillan Technical Publishing.

A book covering LDAP design principles, as well as its deployment in a production environment.