Server-Side Request Forgery Cheat Sheet

Introduction

The objective of the cheat sheet is to provide advices regarding the protection against Server Side Request Forgery (SSRF) attack.

This cheat sheet will focus on the defensive point of view and will not explain how to perform this attack. This talk from the security researcher Orange Tsai as well as this document provide techniques on how to perform this kind of attack.

Contents

Context

SSRF is an attack vector that abuses an application to interact with the internal/external network or the machine itself. One of the enablers for this vector is the mishandling of URLs, as showcased in the following examples:

  • Image on external server (e.g. user enters image URL of their avatar for the application to download and use).
  • Custom WebHook (user have to specify WebHook handlers or Callback URLs).
  • Internal requests to interact with another service to serve a certain functionality. Most of the times, user data is sent along to be processed, and if badly handled, can perform certain injection attacks.

Overview of a SSRF common flow

SSRF Common Flow

Notes:

  • SSRF is not limited to the HTTP protocol, despite the fact that in general the first request leverages it, yet the second request is performed by the application itself, and thus it could be using different protocols (e.g. FTP, SMB, SMTP, etc.) and schemes (e.g. file://, phar://, gopher://, data://, dict://, etc.). The protocol/scheme usage is highly dependent on the application's requirements.
  • If the application is vulnerable to XML eXternal Entity (XXE) injection then it can by exploited to perform a SSRF attack, take a look at the XXE cheat sheet to learn how to prevent the exposure to XXE.

Cases

Depending on the application's functionality and requirements, there are two basic cases in which SSRF can happen:

  • Application can send request only to identified and trusted applications: Case when whitelist approach is available.
  • Application can send requests to ANY external IP address or domain name: Case when whitelist approach is not available.

Because these two cases are very different, this cheat sheet will describe defences against them separately.

Case 1 - Application can send request only to identified and trusted applications

Sometimes, an application need to perform request to another application, often located on another network, to perform a specific task. Depending of the business case, it can happen that information from the user are needed to perform the action.

Example


Take the example of a web application that receives and uses personal information from a user, such as their firstname/lastname/birthdate to create a profile in an internal HR system. By design, that web application will have to communicate using a protocol that the HR system understands in order to process that data.


Basically, the user cannot reach the HR system directly, but, if the web application in charge of receiving the user information is vulnerable to SSRF then the user can leverage it to access the HR system.


The user leverages the web application as a proxy to the HR system.


The whitelist approach is a viable option in this case since the internal application called by the VulnerableApplication is clearly identified in the technical/business flow. It can be stated that the required calls will only be targeted between those identified and trusted applications.

Available protections

Several protective measures are possible at the Application and Network layers. In order to apply the defense in depth principle, both layers will be hardened against such attacks.

Application layer

The first level of protection that comes to mind is Input validation.

Based on that point, the following question comes to mind: How to perform this input validation?

As Orange Tsai shows in his talk, depending on the programming language used, parsers can be abused. One possible countermeasure is to apply the whitelisting approach when input validation is used because, most of the time, the format of the information expected from the user is globally know.

The request sent to the internal application will be based on the following information:

  • String containing business data.
  • IP address (V4 or V6).
  • Domain name.
  • URL.

Note: Disable the support for the following of the redirection in your web client in order to prevent the bypass of the input validation described in the section Exploitation tricks > Bypassing restrictions > Input validation > Unsafe redirect of this document.

String

In the context of SSRF, checks can be put in place to ensure that the string respects the business/technical format expected.

A regex can be used to ensure that data received is valid from a security point of view if the input data have a simple format (e.g. token, zip code, etc.). Otherwise, validation should be conducted using the libraries available from the string object because regex for complex formats are difficult to maintain and are highly error prone.

User input is assumed to be non-network related and consists of the user's personal information.

Example:

  1. //Regex validation for a data having a simple format
  2. if(Pattern.matches("[a-zA-Z0-9\\s\\-]{1,50}", userInput)){
  3.     //Continue the processing because the input data is valid
  4. }else{
  5.     //Stop the processing and reject the request
  6. }
IP address

In the context of SSRF, there are 2 possible validations to perform:

  • Ensure that the data provided is a valid IP V4 or V6 address.
  • Ensure that the IP address provided belongs to one of the IP addresses of the identified and trusted applications.
    The first layer of validation can be applied using libraries that ensure the security of the IP address format, based on the technology used (library option is proposed here in order to delegate the managing of the IP address format and leverage battle tested validation function):

Verification of the proposed libraries has been performed regarding the exposure to bypasses (Hex, Octal, Dword, URL and Mixed encoding) described in this article.


  • JAVA: Method InetAddressValidator.isValid) from the Apache Commons Validator library.
    • It is NOT exposed to bypass using Hex, Octal, Dword, URL and Mixed encoding.
  • .NET: Method IPAddress.TryParse from the SDK.
    • It is exposed to bypass using Hex, Octal, Dword and Mixed encoding but NOT the URL encoding.
    • As whitelisting is used here, any bypass tentative will be blocked during the comparison against the allowed list of IP addresses.
  • JavaScript: Library ip-address.
    • It is NOT exposed to bypass using Hex, Octal, Dword, URL and Mixed encoding.
  • Python: Module ipaddress from the SDK.
    • It is NOT exposed to bypass using Hex, Octal, Dword, URL and Mixed encoding.
  • Ruby: Class IPAddr from the SDK.
    • It is NOT exposed to bypass using Hex, Octal, Dword, URL and Mixed encoding.

Use the output value of the method/library as the IP address to compare against the whitelist.


After ensuring the validity of the incoming IP address, the second layer of validation is applied. A whitelist is created after determining all the IP addresses (v4 and v6 in order to avoid bypasses) of the identified and trusted applications. The valid IP is cross checked with that list to ensure its communication with the internal application (string strict comparison with case sensitive).

Domain name

In the attempt of validating domain names, it is apparent to do a DNS resolution in order to verify the existence of the domain. In general, it is not a bad idea, yet it opens up the application to attacks depending on the configuration used regarding the DNS servers used for the domain name resolution:

  • It can disclose information to external DNS resolvers.
  • It can be used by an attacker to bind a legit domain name to an internal IP address. See the section Exploitation tricks > Bypassing restrictions > Input validation > DNS pinning of this document.
  • It can be used, by an attacker, to deliver a malicious payload to the internal DNS resolvers as well as to the API (SDK or third-party) used by the application to handle the DNS communication and then, potentially, trigger a vulnerability in one of these components.

In the context of SSRF, there are 2 validations to perform:

  • Ensure that the data provided is a valid domain name.
  • Ensure that the domain name provided belongs to one of the domain names of the identified and trusted applications (the whitelisting comes to action here).
    Similar to the IP address validation, the first layer of validation can be applied using libraries that ensure the security of the domain name format, based on the technology used (library option is proposed here in order to delegate the managing of the domain name format and leverage battle tested validation function):

Verification of the proposed libraries has been performed to ensure that the proposed functions do not perform any DNS resolution query.


Example of execution of the proposed regex for Ruby:

  1. domain_names = ["owasp.org","owasp-test.org","doc-test.owasp.org","doc.owasp.org", 
  2.                 "<script>alert(1)</script>","<script>alert(1)</script>.owasp.org"]
  3. domain_names.each { |domain_name|
  4.     if ( domain_name =~ /^(((?!-))(xn--|_{1,1})?[a-z0-9-]{0,61}[a-z0-9]{1,1}\.)*(xn--)?([a-z0-9][a-z0-9\-]{0,60}|[a-z0-9-]{1,30}\.[a-z]{2,})$/ )
  5.         puts "[i] #{domain_name} is VALID"
  6.     else
  7.         puts "[!] #{domain_name} is INVALID"
  8.     end
  9. }
  1. $ ruby test.rb
  2. [i] owasp.org is VALID
  3. [i] owasp-test.org is VALID
  4. [i] doc-test.owasp.org is VALID
  5. [i] doc.owasp.org is VALID
  6. [!] <script>alert(1)</script> is INVALID
  7. [!] <script>alert(1)</script>.owasp.org is INVALID

After ensuring the validity of the incoming domain name, the second layer of validation is applied:

  • Build a whitelist with all the domain names of every identified and trusted applications.

  • Verify that the domain name received is part of this whitelist (string strict comparison with case sensitive).
    Unfortunately here, the application is still vulnerable to the DNS pinning bypass mentioned in this document. Indeed, a DNS resolution will be made when the business code will be executed. To address that issue, the following action must be taken in addition of the validation on the domain name:

  • Ensure that the domains that are part of your organization are resolved by your internal DNS server first in the chains of DNS resolvers.

  • Monitor the domains whitelist in order to detect when any of them resolves to a/an:
    • Local IP address (V4 + V6).
    • Internal IP of your organization (expected to be in private IP ranges) for the domain that are not part of your organization.
      The following Python3 script can be used, as a starting point, for the monitoring mentioned above:
  1. # Dependencies: pip install ipaddress dnspython
  2. import ipaddress
  3. import dns.resolver
  5. # Configure the whitelist to check
  6. DOMAINS_WHITELIST = ["owasp.org", "labslinux"]
  8. # Configure the DNS resolver to use for all DNS queries
  9. DNS_RESOLVER = dns.resolver.Resolver()
  10. DNS_RESOLVER.nameservers = ["1.1.1.1"]
  12. def verify_dns_records(domain, records, type):
  13.     """
  14.     Verify if one of the DNS records resolve to a non public IP address.
  15.     Return a boolean indicating if any error has been detected.
  16.     """
  17.     error_detected = False
  18.     if records is not None:
  19.         for record in records:
  20.             value = record.to_text().strip()
  21.             try:
  22.                 ip = ipaddress.ip_address(value)
  23.                 # See https://docs.python.org/3/library/ipaddress.html#ipaddress.IPv4Address.is_global
  24.                 if not ip.is_global:
  25.                     print("[!] DNS record type '%s' for domain name '%s' resolve to 
  26.                     a non public IP address '%s'!" % (type, domain, value))
  27.                     error_detected = True
  28.             except ValueError:
  29.                 error_detected = True
  30.                 print("[!] '%s' is not valid IP address!" % value)
  31.     return error_detected
  33. def check():
  34.     """
  35.     Perform the check of the whitelist of domains.
  36.     Return a boolean indicating if any error has been detected.
  37.     """
  38.     error_detected = False
  39.     for domain in DOMAINS_WHITELIST:    
  40.         # Get the IPs of the current domain
  41.         # See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_DNS_record_types
  42.         try:
  43.             # A = IPv4 address record        
  44.             ip_v4_records = DNS_RESOLVER.query(domain, "A")
  45.         except Exception as e:
  46.             ip_v4_records = None            
  47.             print("[i] Cannot get A record for domain '%s': %s\n" % (domain,e))        
  48.         try:
  49.             # AAAA = IPv6 address record
  50.             ip_v6_records = DNS_RESOLVER.query(domain, "AAAA")
  51.         except Exception as e:
  52.             ip_v6_records = None
  53.             print("[i] Cannot get AAAA record for domain '%s': %s\n" % (domain,e))
  54.         # Verify the IPs obtained
  55.         if verify_dns_records(domain, ip_v4_records, "A") 
  56.         or verify_dns_records(domain, ip_v6_records, "AAAA"):
  57.             error_detected = True
  58.     return error_detected
  60. if __name__== "__main__":
  61.     if check():
  62.         exit(1)
  63.     else:
  64.         exit(0)
URL

Do not accept complete URLs from the user because URL are difficult to validate and the parser can be abused depending on the technology used as showcased by the following talk of Orange Tsai.

If network related information is really needed then only accept a valid IP address or domain name.

Network layer

The objective of the Network layer security is to prevent the VulnerableApplication from performing calls to arbitrary applications. Only allowed routes will be available for this application in order to limit its network access to only those that it should communicate with.

The Firewall component, as a specific device or using the one provided within the operating system, will be used here to define the legitimate flows.

In the schema below, a Firewall component is leveraged to limit the application's access, and in turn, limit the impact of an application vulnerable to SSRF:

Case 1 for Network layer protection about flows that we want to prevent

Network segregation (see this set of implementation advices) can also be leveraged and is highly recommended in order to block illegitimate calls directly at network level itself.

Case 2 - Application can send requests to ANY external IP address or domain name

This case happens when a user can control an URL to an External resource and the application makes a request to this URL (e.g. in case of WebHooks). Whitelist cannot be used here because the list of IPs/domains is often unknown upfront and is dynamically changing.

In this scenario, External refers to any IP that doesn't belong to the internal network, and should be reached by going over the public internet.

Thus, the call from the Vulnerable Application:

  • Is NOT targeting one of the IP/domain located inside the company's global network.
  • Uses a convention defined between the VulnerableApplication and the expected IP/domain in order to prove that the call has been legitimately initiated.

Challenges in blocking URLs at application layer

Based on the business requirements of the above mentioned applications, the whitelist approach is not a valid solution. Despite knowing that the blacklist approach is not an impenetrable wall, it is the best solution in this scenario. It is informing the application what it should not do.

Here is why filtering URLs is hard at the Application layer:

  • It implies that the application must be able to detect, at the code level, that the provided IP (V4 + V6) is not part of the official private networks ranges including also localhost and IPv4/v6 Link-Local addresses. Not every SDK provides a built-in feature for this kind of verification, and leaves the handling up to the developer to understand all of its pitfalls and possible values, which makes it a demanding task.
  • Same remark for domain name: The company must maintain a list of all internal domain names and provide a centralized service to allow an application to verify if a provided domain name is an internal one. For this verification, an internal DNS resolver can be queried by the application but this internal DNS resolver must not resolve external domain names.

Available protections

Taking into consideration the same assumption in the following example for the following sections.

Application layer

Like for the case n°1, it is assumed that the IP Address or domain name is required to create the request that will be sent to the TargetApplication.

The first validation on the input data presented in the case n°1 on the 3 types of data will be the same for this case BUT the second validation will differ. Indeed, here we must use the blacklist approach.


Regarding the proof of legitimacy of the request: The TargetedApplication that will receive the request must generate a random token (ex: alphanumeric of 20 characters) that is expected to be passed by the caller (in body via a parameter for which the name is also defined by the application itself and only allow characters set [a-z]{1,10}) to perform a valid request. The receiving endpoint must only accept HTTP POST requests.


Validation flow (if one the validation steps fail then the request is rejected):

  • The application will receive the IP address or domain name of the TargetedApplication and it will apply the first validation on the input data using the libraries/regex mentioned in this section.
  • The second validation will be applied against the IP address or domain name of the TargetedApplication using the following blacklist approach:
    • For IP address:
      • The application will verify that it is a public one (see the hint provided in the next paragraph with the python code sample).
    • For domain name:
      • The application will verify that it is a public one by trying to resolve the domain name against the DNS resolver that will only resolve internal domain name. Here, it must return a response indicating that it do not know the provided domain because the expected value received must be a public domain.
      • To prevent the DNS pinning attack described in this document, the application will retrieve all the IP addresses behind the domain name provided (taking records A + AAAA for IPv4 + IPv6) and it will apply the same verification described in the previous point about IP addresses.
  • The application will receive the protocol to use for the request via a dedicated input parameter for which it will verify the value against an allowed list of protocols (HTTP or HTTPS).
  • The application will receive the parameter name for the token to pass to the TargetedApplication via a dedicated input parameter for which it will only allow the characters set [a-z]{1,10}.
  • The application will receive the token itself via a dedicated input parameter for which it will only allow the characters set [a-zA-Z0-9]{20}.
  • The application will receive and validate (from a security point of view) any business data needed to perform a valid call.
  • The application will build the HTTP POST request using only validated informations and will send it (don't forget to disable the support for redirection in the web client used).
    Hints for the step 2 regarding the verification on an IP address:

As mentioned above, not every SDK provide a built-in feature to verify if an IP (V4 + V6) is private/public. So, the following approach can be used based on a blacklist composed of the private IP ranges (example is given in python in order to be easy to understand and portable to others technologies) :

  1. def is_private_ip(ip_address):
  2.     is_private = False
  3.     """
  4.     Determine if a IP address provided is a private one.
  5.     Return TRUE if it's the case, FALSE otherwise.
  6.     """
  7.     # Build the list of IP prefix for V4 and V6 addresses
  8.     ip_prefix = []
  9.     # Add prefix for loopback addresses
  10.     ip_prefix.append("127.")    
  11.     ip_prefix.append("0.")    
  12.     # Add IP V4 prefix for private addresses
  13.     # See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_network
  14.     ip_prefix.append("10.")
  15.     ip_prefix.append("172.16.")
  16.     ip_prefix.append("172.17.")
  17.     ip_prefix.append("172.18.")
  18.     ip_prefix.append("172.19.")
  19.     ip_prefix.append("172.20.")
  20.     ip_prefix.append("172.21.")
  21.     ip_prefix.append("172.22.")
  22.     ip_prefix.append("172.23.")
  23.     ip_prefix.append("172.24.")
  24.     ip_prefix.append("172.25.")
  25.     ip_prefix.append("172.26.")
  26.     ip_prefix.append("172.27.")
  27.     ip_prefix.append("172.28.")
  28.     ip_prefix.append("172.29.")
  29.     ip_prefix.append("172.30.")
  30.     ip_prefix.append("172.31.")
  31.     ip_prefix.append("192.168.")
  32.     ip_prefix.append("169.254.")
  33.     # Add IP V6 prefix for private addresses
  34.     # See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unique_local_address
  35.     # See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_network
  36.     # See https://simpledns.com/private-ipv6
  37.     ip_prefix.append("fc")
  38.     ip_prefix.append("fd")
  39.     ip_prefix.append("fe")
  40.     ip_prefix.append("ff")
  41.     ip_prefix.append("::1")
  42.     # Verify the provided IP address
  43.     # Remove whitespace characters from the beginning/end of the string 
  44.     # and convert it to lower case 
  45.     # Lower case is for preventing any IPV6 case bypass using mixed case
  46.     # depending on the source used to get the IP address
  47.     ip_to_verify = ip_address.strip().lower()
  48.     # Perform the check against the list of prefix
  49.     for prefix in ip_prefix:
  50.         if ip_to_verify.startswith(prefix):
  51.             is_private = True
  52.             break
  53.     return is_private
Network layer

Similar to the following section.

IMDSv2 in AWS

In cloud environments SSRF is often used to access and steal credentaials and access tokens from metadata services (e.g. AWS Instance Metadata Service, Azure Instance Metadata Service, GCP metadata server).

IMDSv2 is an additional defence-in-depth mechanism for AWS that mitigates some of the instances of SSRF.

To leverage this protection migrate to IMDSv2 and disable old IMDSv1. Check out AWS documentation for more details.

References

Online version of the SSRF bible (PDF version is used in this cheat sheet).

Article about Bypassing SSRF Protection.

Articles about SSRF attacks: Part 1, part 2 and part 3.

Article about IMDSv2

Tools and code used for schemas

Mermaid code for SSRF common flow (printscreen are used to capture PNG image inserted into this cheat sheet):

  1. sequenceDiagram
  2.     participant Attacker
  3.     participant VulnerableApplication
  4.     participant TargetedApplication
  5.     Attacker->>VulnerableApplication: Crafted HTTP request
  6.     VulnerableApplication->>TargetedApplication: Request (HTTP, FTP...)
  7.     Note left of TargetedApplication: Use payload included<br>into the request to<br>VulnerableApplication
  8.     TargetedApplication->>VulnerableApplication: Response 
  9.     VulnerableApplication->>Attacker: Response
  10.     Note left of VulnerableApplication: Include response<br>from the<br>TargetedApplication

Draw.io schema XML code for the "case 1 for network layer protection about flows that we want to prevent" schema (printscreen are used to capture PNG image inserted into this cheat sheet).