Theming Bootstrap

Customize Bootstrap 4 with our new built-in Sass variables for global style preferences for easy theming and component changes.

Introduction

In Bootstrap 3, theming was largely driven by variable overrides in LESS, custom CSS, and a separate theme stylesheet that we included in our dist files. With some effort, one could completely redesign the look of Bootstrap 3 without touching the core files. Bootstrap 4 provides a familiar, but slightly different approach.

Now, theming is accomplished by Sass variables, Sass maps, and custom CSS. There’s no more dedicated theme stylesheet; instead, you can enable the built-in theme to add gradients, shadows, and more.

Sass

Utilize our source Sass files to take advantage of variables, maps, mixins, and more when compiling Sass using your own asset pipeline.

File structure

Whenever possible, avoid modifying Bootstrap’s core files. For Sass, that means creating your own stylesheet that imports Bootstrap so you can modify and extend it. Assuming you’re using a package manager like npm, you’ll have a file structure that looks like this:

  1. your-project/
  2. ├── scss
  3. │   └── custom.scss
  4. └── node_modules/
  5.     └── bootstrap
  6.         ├── js
  7.         └── scss

If you’ve downloaded our source files and aren’t using a package manager, you’ll want to manually setup something similar to that structure, keeping Bootstrap’s source files separate from your own.

  1. your-project/
  2. ├── scss
  3. │   └── custom.scss
  4. └── bootstrap/
  5.     ├── js
  6.     └── scss

Importing

In your custom.scss, you’ll import Bootstrap’s source Sass files. You have two options: include all of Bootstrap, or pick the parts you need. We encourage the latter, though be aware there are some requirements and dependencies across our components. You also will need to include some JavaScript for our plugins.

  1. // Custom.scss
  2. // Option A: Include all of Bootstrap
  4. @import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/bootstrap";
  6. // Add custom code after this
  1. // Custom.scss
  2. // Option B: Include parts of Bootstrap
  4. // Required
  5. @import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/functions";
  6. @import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/variables";
  7. @import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/mixins";
  9. // Include custom variable default overrides here
  11. // Optional
  12. @import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/reboot";
  13. @import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/type";
  14. @import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/images";
  15. @import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/code";
  16. @import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/grid";

With that setup in place, you can begin to modify any of the Sass variables and maps in your custom.scss. You can also start to add parts of Bootstrap under the // Optional section as needed. We suggest using the full import stack from our bootstrap.scss file as your starting point.

Variable defaults

Every Sass variable in Bootstrap includes the !default flag allowing you to override the variable’s default value in your own Sass without modifying Bootstrap’s source code. Copy and paste variables as needed, modify their values, and remove the !default flag. If a variable has already been assigned, then it won’t be re-assigned by the default values in Bootstrap.

You will find the complete list of Bootstrap’s variables in scss/_variables.scss. Some variables are set to null, these variables don’t output the property unless they are overridden in your configuration.

Variable overrides must come after our functions, variables, and mixins are imported, but before the rest of the imports.

Here’s an example that changes the background-color and color for the <body> when importing and compiling Bootstrap via npm:

  1. // Required
  2. @import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/functions";
  3. @import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/variables";
  4. @import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/mixins";
  6. // Your variable overrides
  7. $body-bg: #000;
  8. $body-color: #111;
  10. // Bootstrap and its default variables
  12. // Optional
  13. @import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/root";
  14. @import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/reboot";
  15. @import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/type";
  16. // etc

Repeat as necessary for any variable in Bootstrap, including the global options below.

Get started with Bootstrap via npm with our starter project! Head to the twbs/bootstrap-npm-starter template repository to see how to build and customize Bootstrap in your own npm project. Includes Sass compiler, Autoprefixer, Stylelint, PurgeCSS, and Bootstrap Icons.

Maps and loops

Bootstrap 4 includes a handful of Sass maps, key value pairs that make it easier to generate families of related CSS. We use Sass maps for our colors, grid breakpoints, and more. Just like Sass variables, all Sass maps include the !default flag and can be overridden and extended.

Some of our Sass maps are merged into empty ones by default. This is done to allow easy expansion of a given Sass map, but comes at the cost of making removing items from a map slightly more difficult.

Modify map

To modify an existing color in our $theme-colors map, add the following to your custom Sass file:

  1. $theme-colors: (
  2.   "primary": #0074d9,
  3.   "danger": #ff4136
  4. );

Add to map

To add a new color to $theme-colors, add the new key and value:

  1. $theme-colors: (
  2.   "custom-color": #900
  3. );

Remove from map

To remove colors from $theme-colors, or any other map, use map-remove. Be aware you must insert it between our requirements and options:

  1. // Required
  2. @import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/functions";
  3. @import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/variables";
  4. @import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/mixins";
  6. $theme-colors: map-remove($theme-colors, "info", "light", "dark");
  8. // Optional
  9. @import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/root";
  10. @import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/reboot";
  11. @import "../node_modules/bootstrap/scss/type";
  12. ...

Required keys

Bootstrap assumes the presence of some specific keys within Sass maps as we used and extend these ourselves. As you customize the included maps, you may encounter errors where a specific Sass map’s key is being used.

For example, we use the primary, success, and danger keys from $theme-colors for links, buttons, and form states. Replacing the values of these keys should present no issues, but removing them may cause Sass compilation issues. In these instances, you’ll need to modify the Sass code that makes use of those values.

Functions

Bootstrap utilizes several Sass functions, but only a subset are applicable to general theming. We’ve included three functions for getting values from the color maps:

  1. @function color($key: "blue") {
  2.   @return map-get($colors, $key);
  3. }
  5. @function theme-color($key: "primary") {
  6.   @return map-get($theme-colors, $key);
  7. }
  9. @function gray($key: "100") {
  10.   @return map-get($grays, $key);
  11. }

These allow you to pick one color from a Sass map much like how you’d use a color variable from v3.

  1. .custom-element {
  2.   color: gray("100");
  3.   background-color: theme-color("dark");
  4. }

We also have another function for getting a particular level of color from the $theme-colors map. Negative level values will lighten the color, while higher levels will darken.

  1. @function theme-color-level($color-name: "primary", $level: 0) {
  2.   $color: theme-color($color-name);
  3.   $color-base: if($level > 0, #000, #fff);
  4.   $level: abs($level);
  6.   @return mix($color-base, $color, $level * $theme-color-interval);
  7. }

In practice, you’d call the function and pass in two parameters: the name of the color from $theme-colors (e.g., primary or danger) and a numeric level.

  1. .custom-element {
  2.   color: theme-color-level(primary, -10);
  3. }

Additional functions could be added in the future or your own custom Sass to create level functions for additional Sass maps, or even a generic one if you wanted to be more verbose.

Color contrast

An additional function we include in Bootstrap is the color contrast function, color-yiq. It utilizes the YIQ color space to automatically return a light (#fff) or dark (#111) contrast color based on the specified base color. This function is especially useful for mixins or loops where you’re generating multiple classes.

For example, to generate color swatches from our $theme-colors map:

  1. @each $color, $value in $theme-colors {
  2.   .swatch-#{$color} {
  3.     color: color-yiq($value);
  4.   }
  5. }

It can also be used for one-off contrast needs:

  1. .custom-element {
  2.   color: color-yiq(#000); // returns `color: #fff`
  3. }

You can also specify a base color with our color map functions:

  1. .custom-element {
  2.   color: color-yiq(theme-color("dark")); // returns `color: #fff`
  3. }

Escape SVG

We use the escape-svg function to escape the <, > and # characters for SVG background images. These characters need to be escaped to properly render the background images in IE. When using the escape-svg function, data URIs must be quoted.

Add and Subtract functions

We use the add and subtract functions to wrap the CSS calc function. The primary purpose of these functions is to avoid errors when a “unitless” 0 value is passed into a calc expression. Expressions like calc(10px - 0) will return an error in all browsers, despite being mathematically correct.

Example where the calc is valid:

  1. $border-radius: .25rem;
  2. $border-width: 1px;
  4. .element {
  5.   // Output calc(.25rem - 1px) is valid
  6.   border-radius: calc($border-radius - $border-width);
  7. }
  9. .element {
  10.   // Output the same calc(.25rem - 1px) as above
  11.   border-radius: subtract($border-radius, $border-width);
  12. }

Example where the calc is invalid:

  1. $border-radius: .25rem;
  2. $border-width: 0;
  4. .element {
  5.   // Output calc(.25rem - 0) is invalid
  6.   border-radius: calc($border-radius - $border-width);
  7. }
  9. .element {
  10.   // Output .25rem
  11.   border-radius: subtract($border-radius, $border-width);
  12. }

Sass options

Customize Bootstrap 4 with our built-in custom variables file and easily toggle global CSS preferences with new $enable-* Sass variables. Override a variable’s value and recompile with npm run test as needed.

You can find and customize these variables for key global options in Bootstrap’s scss/_variables.scss file.

VariableValuesDescription
$spacer1rem (default), or any value > 0Specifies the default spacer value to programmatically generate our spacer utilities.
$enable-roundedtrue (default) or falseEnables predefined border-radius styles on various components.
$enable-shadowstrue or false (default)Enables predefined decorative box-shadow styles on various components. Does not affect box-shadows used for focus states.
$enable-gradientstrue or false (default)Enables predefined gradients via background-image styles on various components.
$enable-transitionstrue (default) or falseEnables predefined transitions on various components.
$enable-prefers-reduced-motion-media-querytrue (default) or falseEnables the prefers-reduced-motion media query, which suppresses certain animations/transitions based on the users’ browser/operating system preferences.
$enable-hover-media-querytrue or false (default)Deprecated
$enable-grid-classestrue (default) or falseEnables the generation of CSS classes for the grid system (e.g., .container, .row, .col-md-1, etc.).
$enable-carettrue (default) or falseEnables pseudo element caret on .dropdown-toggle.
$enable-pointer-cursor-for-buttonstrue (default) or falseAdd “hand” cursor to non-disabled button elements.
$enable-print-stylestrue (default) or falseEnables styles for optimizing printing.
$enable-responsive-font-sizestrue or false (default)Enables responsive font sizes.
$enable-validation-iconstrue (default) or falseEnables background-image icons within textual inputs and some custom forms for validation states.
$enable-deprecation-messagestrue or false (default)Set to true to show warnings when using any of the deprecated mixins and functions that are planned to be removed in v5.

Color

Many of Bootstrap’s various components and utilities are built through a series of colors defined in a Sass map. This map can be looped over in Sass to quickly generate a series of rulesets.

All colors

All colors available in Bootstrap 4, are available as Sass variables and a Sass map in scss/_variables.scss file. This will be expanded upon in subsequent minor releases to add additional shades, much like the grayscale palette we already include.

$blue #007bff

$indigo #6610f2

$purple #6f42c1

$pink #e83e8c

$red #dc3545

$orange #fd7e14

$yellow #ffc107

$green #28a745

$teal #20c997

$cyan #17a2b8

Here’s how you can use these in your Sass:

  1. // With variable
  2. .alpha { color: $purple; }
  4. // From the Sass map with our `color()` function
  5. .beta { color: color("purple"); }

Color utility classes are also available for setting color and background-color.

In the future, we’ll aim to provide Sass maps and variables for shades of each color as we’ve done with the grayscale colors below.

Theme colors

We use a subset of all colors to create a smaller color palette for generating color schemes, also available as Sass variables and a Sass map in Bootstrap’s scss/_variables.scss file.

$primary #007bff

$secondary #868e96

$success #28a745

$danger #dc3545

$warning #ffc107

$info #17a2b8

$light #f8f9fa

$dark #343a40

Grays

An expansive set of gray variables and a Sass map in scss/_variables.scss for consistent shades of gray across your project. Note that these are “cool grays”, which tend towards a subtle blue tone, rather than neutral grays.

$gray-100 #f8f9fa

$gray-200 #e9ecef

$gray-300 #dee2e6

$gray-400 #ced4da

$gray-500 #adb5bd

$gray-600 #6c757d

$gray-700 #495057

$gray-800 #343a40

$gray-900 #212529

Within scss/_variables.scss, you’ll find Bootstrap’s color variables and Sass map. Here’s an example of the $colors Sass map:

  1. $colors: (
  2.   "blue": $blue,
  3.   "indigo": $indigo,
  4.   "purple": $purple,
  5.   "pink": $pink,
  6.   "red": $red,
  7.   "orange": $orange,
  8.   "yellow": $yellow,
  9.   "green": $green,
  10.   "teal": $teal,
  11.   "cyan": $cyan,
  12.   "white": $white,
  13.   "gray": $gray-600,
  14.   "gray-dark": $gray-800
  15. ) !default;

Add, remove, or modify values within the map to update how they’re used in many other components. Unfortunately at this time, not every component utilizes this Sass map. Future updates will strive to improve upon this. Until then, plan on making use of the ${color} variables and this Sass map.

Components

Many of Bootstrap’s components and utilities are built with @each loops that iterate over a Sass map. This is especially helpful for generating variants of a component by our $theme-colors and creating responsive variants for each breakpoint. As you customize these Sass maps and recompile, you’ll automatically see your changes reflected in these loops.

Modifiers

Many of Bootstrap’s components are built with a base-modifier class approach. This means the bulk of the styling is contained to a base class (e.g., .btn) while style variations are confined to modifier classes (e.g., .btn-danger). These modifier classes are built from the $theme-colors map to make customizing the number and name of our modifier classes.

Here are two examples of how we loop over the $theme-colors map to generate modifiers to the .alert component and all our .bg-* background utilities.

  1. // Generate alert modifier classes
  2. @each $color, $value in $theme-colors {
  3.   .alert-#{$color} {
  4.     @include alert-variant(theme-color-level($color, -10), theme-color-level($color, -9), theme-color-level($color, 6));
  5.   }
  6. }
  8. // Generate `.bg-*` color utilities
  9. @each $color, $value in $theme-colors {
  10.   @include bg-variant('.bg-#{$color}', $value);
  11. }

Responsive

These Sass loops aren’t limited to color maps, either. You can also generate responsive variations of your components or utilities. Take for example our responsive text alignment utilities where we mix an @each loop for the $grid-breakpoints Sass map with a media query include.

  1. @each $breakpoint in map-keys($grid-breakpoints) {
  2.   @include media-breakpoint-up($breakpoint) {
  3.     $infix: breakpoint-infix($breakpoint, $grid-breakpoints);
  5.     .text#{$infix}-left   { text-align: left !important; }
  6.     .text#{$infix}-right  { text-align: right !important; }
  7.     .text#{$infix}-center { text-align: center !important; }
  8.   }
  9. }

Should you need to modify your $grid-breakpoints, your changes will apply to all the loops iterating over that map.

CSS variables

Bootstrap 4 includes around two dozen CSS custom properties (variables) in its compiled CSS. These provide easy access to commonly used values like our theme colors, breakpoints, and primary font stacks when working in your browser’s Inspector, a code sandbox, or general prototyping.

Available variables

Here are the variables we include (note that the :root is required). They’re located in our _root.scss file.

  1. :root {
  2.   --blue: #007bff;
  3.   --indigo: #6610f2;
  4.   --purple: #6f42c1;
  5.   --pink: #e83e8c;
  6.   --red: #dc3545;
  7.   --orange: #fd7e14;
  8.   --yellow: #ffc107;
  9.   --green: #28a745;
  10.   --teal: #20c997;
  11.   --cyan: #17a2b8;
  12.   --white: #fff;
  13.   --gray: #6c757d;
  14.   --gray-dark: #343a40;
  15.   --primary: #007bff;
  16.   --secondary: #6c757d;
  17.   --success: #28a745;
  18.   --info: #17a2b8;
  19.   --warning: #ffc107;
  20.   --danger: #dc3545;
  21.   --light: #f8f9fa;
  22.   --dark: #343a40;
  23.   --breakpoint-xs: 0;
  24.   --breakpoint-sm: 576px;
  25.   --breakpoint-md: 768px;
  26.   --breakpoint-lg: 992px;
  27.   --breakpoint-xl: 1200px;
  28.   --font-family-sans-serif: -apple-system, BlinkMacSystemFont, "Segoe UI", Roboto, "Helvetica Neue", Arial, "Noto Sans", "Liberation Sans", sans-serif, "Apple Color Emoji", "Segoe UI Emoji", "Segoe UI Symbol", "Noto Color Emoji";
  29.   --font-family-monospace: SFMono-Regular, Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Liberation Mono", "Courier New", monospace;
  30. }

Examples

CSS variables offer similar flexibility to Sass’s variables, but without the need for compilation before being served to the browser. For example, here we’re resetting our page’s font and link styles with CSS variables.

  1. body {
  2.   font: 1rem/1.5 var(--font-family-sans-serif);
  3. }
  4. a {
  5.   color: var(--blue);
  6. }

Breakpoint variables

While we originally included breakpoints in our CSS variables (e.g., --breakpoint-md), these are not supported in media queries, but they can still be used within rulesets in media queries. These breakpoint variables remain in the compiled CSS for backward compatibility given they can be utilized by JavaScript. Learn more in the spec.

Here’s an example of what’s not supported:

  1. @media (min-width: var(--breakpoint-sm)) {
  2.   ...
  3. }

And here’s an example of what is supported:

  1. @media (min-width: 768px) {
  2.   .custom-element {
  3.     color: var(--primary);
  4.   }
  5. }