4.7 Examples: Java and Unix I/O 示例：Java 和 Unix I/O

One of the most visible examples of classitis today is the Java class library. The Java language doesn’t require lots of small classes, but a culture of classitis seems to have taken root in the Java programming community. For example, to open a file in order to read serialized objects from it, you must create three different objects:

如今，最常见的分类病实例之一是 Java 类库。Java 语言不需要很多小类，但是分类文化似乎已在 Java 编程社区中扎根。例如，要打开文件以便从文件中读取序列化的对象，必须创建三个不同的对象：

FileInputStream fileStream = new FileInputStream(fileName);
BufferedInputStream bufferedStream = new BufferedInputStream(fileStream);
ObjectInputStream objectStream = new ObjectInputStream(bufferedStream);

A FileInputStream object provides only rudimentary I/O: it is not capable of performing buffered I/O, nor can it read or write serialized objects. The BufferedInputStream object adds buffering to a FileInputStream, and the ObjectInputStream adds the ability to read and write serialized objects. The first two objects in the code above, fileStream and bufferedStream, are never used once the file has been opened; all future operations use objectStream.

FileInputStream 对象仅提供基本的 I/O：它不能执行缓冲的 I/O，也不能读取或写入序列化的对象。BufferedInputStream 对象将缓冲添加到 FileInputStream，而 ObjectInputStream 添加了读取和写入序列化对象的功能。一旦文件被打开，上面代码中的前两个对象 fileStream 和 bufferedStream 将永远不会被使用。以后的所有操作都使用 objectStream。

It is particularly annoying (and error-prone) that buffering must be requested explicitly by creating a separate BufferedInputStream object; if a developer forgets to create this object, there will be no buffering and I/O will be slow. Perhaps the Java developers would argue that not everyone wants to use buffering for file I/O, so it shouldn’t be built into the base mechanism. They might argue that it’s better to keep buffering separate, so people can choose whether or not to use it. Providing choice is good, but interfaces should be designed to make the common case as simple as possible (see the formula on page 6). Almost every user of file I/O will want buffering, so it should be provided by default. For those few situations where buffering is not desirable, the library can provide a mechanism to disable it. Any mechanism for disabling buffering should be cleanly separated in the interface (for example, by providing a different constructor for FileInputStream, or through a method that disables or replaces the buffering mechanism), so that most developers do not even need to be aware of its existence.

特别令人烦恼（并且容易出错）的是，必须通过创建一个单独的 BufferedInputStream 对象来显式请求缓冲。如果开发人员忘记创建该对象，将没有缓冲，并且 I/O 将变慢。也许 Java 开发人员会争辩说，并不是每个人都希望对文件 I/O 使用缓冲，因此不应将其内置到基本机制中。他们可能会争辩说，最好分开保持缓冲，以便人们可以选择是否使用它。提供选择是好的，但是应该设计接口以使常见情况尽可能简单（请参阅第 6 页的公式）。几乎每个文件 I/O 用户都希望缓冲，因此默认情况下应提供缓冲。对于不需要缓冲的少数情况，该库可以提供一种禁用它的机制。

In contrast, the designers of the Unix system calls made the common case simple. For example, they recognized that sequential I/O is most common, so they made that the default behavior. Random access is still relatively easy to do, using the lseek system call, but a developer doing only sequential access need not be aware of that mechanism. If an interface has many features, but most developers only need to be aware of a few of them, the effective complexity of that interface is just the complexity of the commonly used features.

相反，Unix 系统调用的设计者使常见情况变得简单。例如，他们认识到顺序 I/O 是最常见的，因此他们将其作为默认行为。使用 lseek 系统调用，随机访问仍然相对容易实现，但是仅执行顺序访问的开发人员无需了解该机制。如果一个接口具有许多功能，但是大多数开发人员只需要了解其中的一些功能，那么该接口的有效复杂性就是常用功能的复杂性。