19.4 Test-driven development 测试驱动的开发

Test-driven development is an approach to software development where programmers write unit tests before they write code. When creating a new class, the developer first writes unit tests for the class, based on its expected behavior. None of the tests pass, since there is no code for the class. Then the developer works through the tests one at a time, writing enough code for that test to pass. When all of the tests pass, the class is finished.

测试驱动开发是一种软件开发方法，程序员可以在编写代码之前先编写单元测试。创建新类时，开发人员首先根据其预期行为为该类编写单元测试。没有测试通过，因为该类没有代码。然后，开发人员一次完成一个测试，编写足够的代码以使该测试通过。所有测试通过后，该类结束。

Although I am a strong advocate of unit testing, I am not a fan of test-driven development. The problem with test-driven development is that it focuses attention on getting specific features working, rather than finding the best design. This is tactical programming pure and simple, with all of its disadvantages. Test-driven development is too incremental: at any point in time, it’s tempting to just hack in the next feature to make the next test pass. There’s no obvious time to do design, so it’s easy to end up with a mess.

尽管我是单元测试的坚决拥护者，但我不喜欢测试驱动的开发。测试驱动开发的问题在于，它将注意力集中在使特定功能起作用，而不是寻找最佳设计上。这是一种纯净而简单的战术编程，具有所有缺点。测试驱动的开发过于增量：在任何时间点，很容易破解下一个功能以进行下一个测试通过。没有明显的时间进行设计，因此很容易陷入混乱。

As mentioned in Section 19.2, the units of development should be abstractions, not features. Once you discover the need for an abstraction, don’t create the abstraction in pieces over time; design it all at once (or at least enough to provide a reasonably comprehensive set of core functions). This is more likely to produce a clean design whose pieces fit together well.

如第 19.2 节所述，开发单位应该是抽象的，而不是功能。一旦发现需要抽象，就不要随着时间的流逝而逐步创建抽象。一次设计所有功能（或至少足以提供一组合理全面的核心功能）。这样更有可能产生干净的设计，使各个部分很好地契合在一起。

One place where it makes sense to write the tests first is when fixing bugs. Before fixing a bug, write a unit test that fails because of the bug. Then fix the bug and make sure that the unit test now passes. This is the best way to make sure you really have fixed the bug. If you fix the bug before writing the test, it’s possible that the new unit test doesn’t actually trigger the bug, in which case it won’t tell you whether you really fixed the problem.

首先编写测试的地方是修复错误。修复错误之前，请编写由于该错误而失败的单元测试。然后修复该错误，并确保现在可以通过单元测试。这是确保您已真正修复该错误的最佳方法。如果您在编写测试之前就已修复了该错误，则新的单元测试很可能实际上不会触发该错误，在这种情况下，它不会告诉您是否确实修复了该问题。