10.4 Example: file deletion in Windows 示例：Windows 中的文件删除

File deletion provides another example of how errors can be defined away. The Windows operating system does not permit a file to be deleted if it is open in a process. This is a continual source of frustration for developers and users. In order to delete a file that is in use, the user must search through the system to find the process that has the file open, and then kill that process. Sometimes users give up and reboot their system, just so they can delete a file.

文件删除提供了如何定义错误的另一个示例。Windows 操作系统不允许删除文件（如果已在进程中打开文件）。对于开发人员和用户来说，这是不断沮丧的根源。为了删除正在使用的文件，用户必须在系统中搜索以找到已打开文件的进程，然后终止该进程。有时用户放弃并重新启动系统，只是为了删除文件。

The Unix operating system defines file deletion more elegantly. In Unix, if a file is open when it is deleted, Unix does not delete the file immediately. Instead, it marks the file for deletion, then the delete operation returns successfully. The file name has been removed from its directory, so no other processes can open the old file and a new file with the same name can be created, but the existing file data persists. Processes that already have the file open can continue to read it and write it normally. Once the file has been closed by all of the accessing processes, its data is freed.

Unix 操作系统更优雅地定义了文件删除。在 Unix 中，如果在删除文件时打开了文件，则 Unix 不会立即删除该文件。而是将文件标记为删除，然后删除操作成功返回。该文件名已从其目录中删除，因此其他进程无法打开该旧文件，并且可以创建具有相同名称的新文件，但现有文件数据将保留。已经打开文件的进程可以继续读取和正常写入文件。一旦所有访问进程都关闭了文件，便释放其数据。

The Unix approach defines away two different kinds of errors. First, the delete operation no longer returns an error if the file is currently in use; the delete succeeds, and the file will eventually be deleted. Second, deleting a file that’s in use does not create exceptions for the processes using the file. One possible approach to this problem would have been to delete the file immediately and mark all of the opens of the file to disable them; any attempts by other processes to read or write the deleted file would fail. However, this approach would create new errors for those processes to handle. Instead, Unix allows them to keep accessing the file normally; delaying the file deletion defines errors out of existence.

Unix 方法定义了两种不同的错误。首先，如果文件当前正在使用中，则删除操作不再返回错误；删除成功，该文件最终将被删除。其次，删除正在使用的文件不会为使用该文件的进程创建例外。解决此问题的一种可能方法是立即删除文件并标记文件的所有打开以禁用它们。其他进程读取或写入已删除文件的任何尝试均将失败。但是，此方法将为那些要处理的过程创建新的错误。相反，Unix 允许他们继续正常访问文件。延迟文件删除将定义错误不存在。

It may seem strange that Unix allows a process to continue to read and write a doomed file, but I have never encountered a situation where this caused significant problems. The Unix definition of file deletion is much simpler to work with, both for developers and users, than the Windows definition.

Unix 允许进程继续读取和写入已损坏的文件可能看起来很奇怪，但是我从未遇到过引起严重问题的情况。对于开发人员和用户，Unix 删除文件的定义比 Windows 定义要容易得多。