19.2 Agile development 敏捷开发

Agile development is an approach to software development that emerged in the late 1990’s from a collection of ideas about how to make software development more lightweight, flexible, and incremental; it was formally defined during a meeting of practitioners in 2001. Agile development is mostly about the process of software development (organizing teams, managing schedules, the role of unit testing, interacting with customers, etc.) as opposed to software design. Nonetheless, it relates to some of the design principles in this book.

敏捷开发是一种软件开发方法，它是在 1990 年代末期出现的，其思想涉及如何使软件开发更加轻量，灵活和增量。它是在 2001 年的一次从业者会议上正式定义的。敏捷开发主要是关于软件开发的过程（组织团队，管理进度表，单元测试的角色，与客户交互等），而不是软件设计。但是，它与本书中的某些设计原则有关。

One of the most important elements of agile development is the notion that development should be incremental and iterative. In the agile approach, a software system is developed in a series of iterations, each of which adds and evaluates a few new features; each iteration includes design, test, and customer input. In general, this is similar to the incremental approach advocated here. As mentioned in Chapter 1, it isn’t possible to visualize a complex system well enough at the outset of a project to determine the best design. The best way to end up with a good design is to develop a system in increments, where each increment adds a few new abstractions and refactors existing abstractions based on experience. This is similar to the agile development approach.

敏捷开发中最重要的元素之一是开发应该是渐进的和迭代的概念。在敏捷方法中，软件系统是通过一系列迭代开发的，每个迭代都添加并评估了一些新功能。每个迭代都包括设计，测试和客户输入。通常，这类似于此处提倡的增量方法。如第 1 章所述，在项目开始时就不可能对复杂的系统进行充分的可视化以决定最佳设计。最终获得良好设计的最佳方法是逐步开发一个系统，其中每个增量都会添加一些新的抽象，并根据经验重构现有的抽象。这类似于敏捷开发方法。

One of the risks of agile development is that it can lead to tactical programming. Agile development tends to focus developers on features, not abstractions, and it encourages developers to put off design decisions in order to produce working software as soon as possible. For example, some agile practitioners argue that you shouldn’t implement general-purpose mechanisms right away; implement a minimal special-purpose mechanism to start with, and refactor into something more generic later, once you know that it’s needed. Although these arguments make sense to a degree, they argue against an investment approach, and they encourage a more tactical style of programming. This can result in a rapid accumulation of complexity.

敏捷开发的风险之一是它可能导致战术编程。敏捷开发倾向于使开发人员专注于功能，而不是抽象，它鼓励开发人员推迟设计决策，以便尽快生产可运行的软件。例如，一些敏捷的从业者认为，您不应该立即实施通用机制。实现一个最小的特殊用途机制，从此开始，并在以后知道需要时重构为更通用的东西。尽管这些论点在一定程度上是合理的，但它们反对投资方法，并鼓励采用更具战术性的编程风格。这可以导致复杂性的快速累积。

Developing incrementally is generally a good idea, but the increments of development should be abstractions, not features. It’s fine to put off all thoughts about a particular abstraction until it’s needed by a feature. Once you need the abstraction, invest the time to design it cleanly; follow the advice of Chapter 6 and make it somewhat general-purpose.

渐进式开发通常是一个好主意，但是渐进式开发应该是抽象的，而不是功能。可以推迟对特定抽象的所有想法，直到功能需要它为止。一旦需要抽象，就要花一些时间进行简洁的设计。遵循第 6 章的建议并使其具有通用性。