2.1 Complexity defined 复杂性的定义

For the purposes of this book, I define “complexity” in a practical way. Complexity is anything related to the structure of a software system that makes it hard to understand and modify the system. Complexity can take many forms. For example, it might be hard to understand how a piece of code works; it might take a lot of effort to implement a small improvement, or it might not be clear which parts of the system must be modified to make the improvement; it might be difficult to fix one bug without introducing another. If a software system is hard to understand and modify, then it is complicated; if it is easy to understand and modify, then it is simple.

出于本书的目的，我以实用的方式定义“复杂性”。复杂性与软件系统的结构有关，这使它很难理解和修改系统。复杂性可以采取多种形式。例如，可能很难理解一段代码是如何工作的。可能需要花费很多精力才能实现较小的改进，或者可能不清楚必须修改系统的哪些部分才能进行改进；如果不引入其他错误，可能很难修复。如果一个软件系统难以理解和修改，那就很复杂。如果很容易理解和修改，那就很简单。

You can also think of complexity in terms of cost and benefit. In a complex system, it takes a lot of work to implement even small improvements. In a simple system, larger improvements can be implemented with less effort.

您还可以考虑成本和收益方面的复杂性。在复杂的系统中，要实施甚至很小的改进都需要大量的工作。在一个简单的系统中，可以用更少的精力实现更大的改进。

Complexity is what a developer experiences at a particular point in time when trying to achieve a particular goal. It doesn’t necessarily relate to the overall size or functionality of the system. People often use the word “complex” to describe large systems with sophisticated features, but if such a system is easy to work on, then, for the purposes of this book, it is not complex. Of course, almost all large and sophisticated software systems are in fact hard to work on, so they also meet my definition of complexity, but this need not necessarily be the case. It is also possible for a small and unsophisticated system to be quite complex.

复杂性是开发人员在尝试实现特定目标时在特定时间点所经历的。它不一定与系统的整体大小或功能有关。人们通常使用“复杂”一词来描述具有复杂功能的大型系统，但是如果这样的系统易于使用，那么就本书而言，它并不复杂。当然，实际上几乎所有大型复杂的软件系统都很难使用，因此它们也符合我对复杂性的定义，但这不一定是事实。小型而不复杂的系统也可能非常复杂。

Complexity is determined by the activities that are most common. If a system has a few parts that are very complicated, but those parts almost never need to be touched, then they don’t have much impact on the overall complexity of the system. To characterize this in a crude mathematical way:

复杂性取决于最常见的活动。如果系统中有一些非常复杂的部分，但是几乎不需要触摸这些部分，那么它们对系统的整体复杂性不会有太大影响。为了用粗略的数学方法来表征：

The overall complexity of a system (C) is determined by the complexity of each part p (cp) weighted by the fraction of time developers spend working on that part (tp). Isolating complexity in a place where it will never be seen is almost as good as eliminating the complexity entirely.

系统的总体复杂度（C）由每个部分的复杂度（cp）乘以开发人员在该部分上花费的时间（tp）加权。在一个永远不会被看到的地方隔离复杂性几乎和完全消除复杂性一样好。

Complexity is more apparent to readers than writers. If you write a piece of code and it seems simple to you, but other people think it is complex, then it is complex. When you find yourself in situations like this, it’s worth probing the other developers to find out why the code seems complex to them; there are probably some interesting lessons to learn from the disconnect between your opinion and theirs. Your job as a developer is not just to create code that you can work with easily, but to create code that others can also work with easily.

读者比作家更容易理解复杂性。如果您编写了一段代码，对您来说似乎很简单，但是其他人则认为它很复杂，那么它就是复杂的。当您遇到这种情况时，有必要对其他开发人员进行调查，以找出为什么代码对他们而言似乎很复杂；从您的观点与观点之间的脱节中可能可以学习一些有趣的课程。作为开发人员，您的工作不仅是创建可以轻松使用的代码，而且还要创建其他人也可以轻松使用的代码。