第 7 章 不同的层，不同的抽象

Chapter 7 Different Layer, Different Abstraction

Software systems are composed in layers, where higher layers use the facilities provided by lower layers. In a well-designed system, each layer provides a different abstraction from the layers above and below it; if you follow a single operation as it moves up and down through layers by invoking methods, the abstractions change with each method call. For example:

软件系统由层组成，其中较高的层使用较低层提供的功能。在设计良好的系统中，每一层都提供与其上，下两层不同的抽象。如果您通过调用方法遵循单个操作在层中上下移动，则每个方法调用的抽象都会改变。例如：

• In a file system, the uppermost layer implements a file abstraction. A file consists of a variable-length array of bytes, which can be updated by reading and writing variable-length byte ranges. The next lower layer in the file system implements a cache in memory of fixed-size disk blocks; callers can assume that frequently used blocks will stay in memory where they can be accessed quickly. The lowest layer consists of device drivers, which move blocks between secondary storage devices and memory.
• In a network transport protocol such as TCP, the abstraction provided by the topmost layer is a stream of bytes delivered reliably from one machine to another. This level is built on a lower level that transmits packets of bounded size between machines on a best-effort basis: most packets will be delivered successfully, but some packets may be lost or delivered out of order.

• 在文件系统中，最上层实现文件抽象。文件由可变长度的字节数组组成，可以通过读写可变长度的字节范围来更新该字节。文件系统的下一个下一层在固定大小的磁盘块的内存中实现了高速缓存。调用者可以假定经常使用的块将保留在内存中，以便可以快速访问它们。最低层由设备驱动程序组成，它们在辅助存储设备和内存之间移动块。
• 在诸如 TCP 的网络传输协议中，最顶层提供的抽象是从一台机器可靠地传递到另一台机器的字节流。此级别在较低级别上构建，该级别可以尽最大努力在计算机之间传输有限大小的数据包：大多数数据包将成功交付，但某些数据包可能会丢失或乱序交付。

If a system contains adjacent layers with similar abstractions, this is a red flag that suggests a problem with the class decomposition. This chapter discusses situations where this happens, the problems that result, and how to refactor to eliminate the problems.

如果系统包含具有相似抽象的相邻层，则这是一个红色标记，表明类分解存在问题。本章讨论了发生这种情况的情况，导致的问题以及如何重构以消除问题。